UC-NRLF 


P   A 
2235 
D4 
1920 

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IVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  IMPERSONAL 

PASSIVE  OF  THE  VENTUM 

EST  TYPE 


BY 

ALICE  ANNA  DECKMAN 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL   IN 

PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 
1920 


EXCHANGE 


X 


UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  IMPERSONAL 

PASSIVE  OF  THE  VENTUM 

EST  TYPE 


BY 

ALICE  ANNA  DECKMAN 


A  THESIS 

PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  IN 

PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 
1920 


Grateful  acknowledgment  and  sincere  thanks  are  tendered  to 
Professors  John  C.  Rolfe,  Walton  B.  McDaniel,  George  D.  Hadz- 
sits,  Harry  B.  Van  Deventer  and  Edward  H.  Heffner  of  the 
Latin  Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to 
Professor  Roland  G.  Kent  of  the  Department  of  Indo-European 
Philology  and  Sanskrit  of  the  same  University,  for  their  helpful 
suggestions  and  criticism  in  the  preparation  of  this  thesis. 


(ft  22-35" 


PREFACE 

The  following  dissertation  on  "Impersonate  of  the  Ventum 
Est  type"  was  suggested  by  Professor  Kent's  review  of  Profes- 
sor H.  E.  Burton's  Latin  Grammar  in  the  Classical  Weekly  5.  162. 

Professor  Kent  says,  "  In  §346  ventum  est  is  rendered  by  'some 
one  came',  but  it  means  also,  and  more  often,  'they  (he,  we) 
came.' " 

This  remark  has  led  to  this  study,  the  aim  of  which  has  been 
to  investigate  the  use  of  the  impersonal  passive  of  the  type  ven- 
tum est,  and  to  discover  whether  or  not  impersonate  of  this  class 
have  a  definite  agent  or  doer  of  the  action  logically  implied  in  the 
context. 

The  material  for  this  thesis  has  been  gathered  from  those  au- 
thors of  the  republican  period  of  whom  we  have  works  or  por- 
tions of  works  preserved  substantially  entire :  Plautus,  Terence, 
Cato,  Varro,  Caesar  and  the  other  works  found  in  the  Corpus 
Caesarianum,  Lucretius,  Catullus,  Sallust  and  Nepos. 

Examples  (about  nine  hundred  in  number)  found  in  Cicero 
and  classified  on  page  40  have  not  been  discussed,  since  they  add 
nothing  new  to  the  investigation. 

The  works  of  other  authors  of  this  time,  as  Livius  Androni- 
cus,  Naevius,  Ennius,  Lucilius,  Pacuvius,  etc.,  have  not  been 
used,  because  they  are  in  a  fragmentary  condition  and  the  prop- 
er context  for  such  study  is  usually  lacking. 

A.  A.  D. 


CONTENTS 

Bibliography 7 

I.     Definition  and  Classification  of  Impersonal  Verbs  9 

II.     Divisions  of  the  Ventum  Est  Type 14 

III.  Impersonals  with  Agent  Unexpressed 15 

1 .  First  Singular  Definite 

2.  Second  Singular  Definite 18 

3.  Third  Singular  Definite 19 

4.  First  Plural  Definite 23 

5.  Second  Plural  Definite 25 

6.  Third  Plural  Definite 26 

7.  Second  Singular  Indefinite 33 

8.  Third  Singular  Indefinite 34 

9.  Third  Plural  Indefinite 35 

IV.  Impersonals  with  Agent  Unexpressed  but  Defin- 

itely Known 37 

I.     Third    Singular 37 

II.    Third    Plural 37 

V.     Impersonals  with  Expressed  Agent 38 

VI.    Summary  and  Conclusion 40 

Appendices:    I.     Excursus  on  Caesar 43 

II.     Doubtful    Readings 46 

III.     Remarks  on   relinquitur,  etc 47 

Indices:  I.     Index   Locorum 48 

II.     Index    Verborum 54 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

In  addition  to  the  various  editions  and  translations  of  the  Lat- 
in authors,  the  following  works  have  been  consulted : 

Allen,  J.  H.  and  J.  B.  Greenough,  New  Latin  Grammar,  New  York,  1903. 

Bennett,  C.  E.,  Latin  Grammar,  Boston,  revision  of  1908. 

Bennett,  C.  E.,  Syntax  of  Early  Latin,  The  Verb,  Vol.  I,  Boston,  1910. 

Draeger,  A.,  Historische  Syntax  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  Leipzig,  1874. 

Ernout,  A.,  Recherches  sur  Vemploi  du  pas sif  latin,  in  Memoires  de  la  societe  de 
linguistique,  15.290  ff. 

Gildersleeve,  B.  L.,  Latin  Grammar  (revised  by  G.  Lodge),  third  edition,  New 
York,  1905. 

Hale,  W.  G.  and  C.  D.  Buck,  Latin  Grammar,  Boston,  1903. 

Kiihner,  R.,  Ailsfuhrliche  Grammatik  der  lateinischen  Sprache,  Vol.  II,  part  I 
(second  edition,  revised  by  C.  Stegman),  Hannover,  1912. 

Lane,  G.  M.,  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools  and  Colleges  (revised  by  M.  H.  Mor- 
gan), New  York  1903. 

Madvig,  I.  N.,  Latin  Grammar,  Oxford,  1849. 

Meusel,  H.,  Lexicon  Caesarianum,  Vol.  I,  Berlin,  1887;  Vol.  II,  Berlin,  1893. 

Roby,  H.  J.,  Latin  Grammar  for  Schools,  London,  1880. 

Zumpt,  C.  G.,  Grammar  of  the  Latin  Language,  New  York,  1846. 


CHAPTER  I 

DEFINITION  AND  CLASSIFICATION  OF  IMPERSONAL 

VERBS 

This  chapter  deals  with  the  definition  and  classification  of  the 
impersonals  as  given  by  grammarians.  They  all  seem  to  have  the 
same  opinion  with  little  or  no  variations. 

Zumpt  §225  thus  defines  an  impersonal  verb:  "The  term  im- 
personal verbs  strictly  applies  only  to  those  of  which  no  other 
but  the  third  person  singular  is  used, and  which  do  not  admit  a 
personal  subject  (I,  thou,  hej,  the  subject  being  a  proposition, 
an  infinitive,  or  a  neuter  noun  understood." 

Madvig  §165  writes:  "Those  verbs  are  called  impersonal 
which  are  used  only  in  the  third  person  singular,  and  have  usual- 
ly no  reference  to  a  subject  in  the  nominative." 

Allen  and  Greenough  consider  this  a  definition  of  impersonal 
verbs:  "Many  verbs  from  their  meaning,  appear  only  in  the 
third  person  singular,  the  infinitive,  and  the  gerund.  These  are 
called  Impersonal  Verbs,  as  having  no  personal  subject." 

Roby  §575  says,  "Certain  verbs  in  the  third  singular,  where 
the  fact  of  the  action,  state,  or  feeling  is  the  prominent  point  and 
the  doer  is  left  indefinite,  are  called  impersonals." 

Gildersleeve  §208  says,  "Impersonal  verbs  are  verbs  in  which 
the  agent  is  regularly  implied  in  the  action,  the  subject  in  the 
predicate,  so  that  the  person  is  not  expressed." 

Lane  §1034  expresses  his  idea  of  an  impersonal  thus:  "Some 
verbs  have  no  subject  at  all  in  the  third  person  singular;  these 
are  called  Impersonal." 

Roby  seems  to  have  been  the  only  one  who  emphasized  the 
fact,  that  an  impersonal  expression  is  used  when  the  writer  wish- 
es to  make  the  act  prominent  and  the  actor  secondary.  This 
idea  is  very  clearly  brought  out  by  a  French  scholar,  A.  Ernout 
in  his  "Recherches  sur  Vemploi  du  passif  latin"  in  M.  S.  L. 
15.292.  In  distinguishing  between  itur  and  it,  euntt  Ernout  says 
that  the  action  is  stressed  in  the  former,  the  actor  being  obvious 
and  left  to  inference,  while  the  latter  (it,  eunt)  gives  equal  promi- 
nence to  the  act  and  to  the  actor. 

Grammarians  have  classified  these  impersonal  verbs  under 
four  headings. 

9 


io  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

(i)  The  first  group  contains  all  those  verbs  which  express 
the  operations  of  nature  and  the  time  of  day;  as,  lucet,  pluit,  ton- 
at,  vesper  ascit.  This  class  of  verbs  is  ranked  as  impersonal,  al- 
though in  the  ultimate  logical  analysis,  sky,  earth  or  heaven  per- 
sonified is  understood  as  the  subject:  cf.  Cic.  N.  D.  2.25.65, 
also  Ar.  Nub.  1279-1281. 


VUV 

x6Tspa  vo(j.t^et?  Kaiv&v  aet  T&V  A(a  ustv  u8a>p  eVaaroT*,  TJ  T&V  ijXiov  eXicstv 
KaTwBsv  TauT6  To06*  u8a>p  xaXtv. 
and  II.  12.  25,  26. 

ue  8'apa  Zsuq 
auvsxs's,  ocj>pa  KS  Oaaaov  aXfxXoa  Tsfysa  Befy. 

(2)  The  second  class  of  impersonals,  as  defined  by  grammar- 
ians, consists  of  five  verbs  of  "mental  distress"  (Lane  1034), 
miseret,  paenitet,  piget,  pudet,  taedet.    These  verbs  are  really  caus- 
ative.    The  cause  of  the  feeling  is  put  in  the  genitive  and  the  per- 
son affected  by  the  feeling  in  the  accusative.     These  imperson- 
als may  have  an  infinitive  or  clause  as  subject;  as,  Plaut.  Pseud. 
282  non  dedisse  istum  pudet;  me  quid  non  accepi  piget;  cf.  Allen 
and  Greenough  §354.C. 

Sometimes  these  verbs  are  used  personally  with  a  neuter  pro- 
noun as  subject;  as,  Ter.  Ad.  754  non  te  haec  pudent;  cf.  Allen  and 
Greenough  §354-C,  note. 

Rarely  is  the  subject  an  appellative;  as,  me  quidem  haec  con- 
dido  non  paenitet,  Plaut.  Stich.  51;  cf.  Lane  §1284. 

(3)  The  third  class  of  impersonals,  as  commonly  given,  in- 
cludes those  verbs  which  have  a  phrase,  clause  or  infinitive  as 
subject;  as, 

accidit  evenit  necesse  est          refert 

certum  est  fit  obtingit  restat 

constat  interest  obvenit  superest 

contingit  iuvat  oportet  videtur 

decet  libet  placet 

delectat  licet  praestat 

(4)  The  fourth  class,  represented  by   the  type  ventum  est 
(the  subject  of  this  thesis),  includes: 

(a)  All  the  passives  of  the  intransitive  verbs  of  motion  ;  as,  itur. 

(b)  All  passives  of  transitives  used  in  an  intransitive  or  abso- 
lute sense.     In  litteras  scribit,  scribit  is  transitive,  but  in  bene 
scribit  it  is  used  intransitively  or  absolutely.     In  Plaut.  Pseud. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  1 1 

273,  amatur  is  used  in  this  intransitive  sense,  although  amo  is 
regularly    transitive. 

(c)  The  passives  of  the  verbs  denoting  state,  disposition,  feel- 
ing or  quality,  which  are  intransitive  in  Latin  and  require  an  in- 
direct object  in  the  dative.     "In  the  passive  such  verbs  are  used 
impersonally,  the  dative  remaining;"  cf.  Hale  and  Buck,  §364. 
Caesar  decimae  legioni  indulgebat  becomes  in  the  passive  decimae 
legioni  a  Caesare  indulgebatur.     Nostri  finitimi  nobis  invident, 
has  for  its  passive  nobis  a  finitimis  nostris  invidetur.     Trebonio 
persuasi,  becomes  in  the  passive  Trebonio  a  me  persuasum  est. 

(d)  Some  deponents  which  are  rarely  used  impersonally;  as 
philosophatum  est  Plaut.  Pseud.  687  and  defunctum  sit  Ter.  Ad. 
508. 

(e)  Some  passive  infinitives  depending  on  coepi,desino,  possum, 
soleo,  etc.,  as  pugnari  coeptum  est  B.  H.  15.5,  desitum  est  potarier 
Plaut.  Most.  958,  sisti  potest  Plaut.  Trin.  720,  solet  caveri  Varro 
R.  R.  2.  6.  3. 

Coepi  and  desino  show  a  very  marked  peculiarity.  When  they 
are  used  with  an  infinitive  passive  they  are  generally  put  in  the 
passive,  as  pugnari  coeptum  est.  This  is  especially  true  of  Caesar 
and  of  Cicero.  When  the  infinitive  was  used  in  an  impersonal 
sense  and  accordingly  was  passive,  a  change  was  logical.  In  pug- 
nare  coepit,  pugnare  is  the  object  of  coepit;  in  pugnari  coeptum  estt 
pugnari  is  the  subject.  The  point  here  is  the  change  of  subject, 
so  that  instead  of  pugnari  coepit,  pugnari  coeptum  est  (the  pas- 
sive instead  of  the  active)  came  into  use.  Coeptum  est  is  a  real 
passive  while  pugnari  became  passive  because  it  is  impersonal. 
This  usage  was  extended  to  other  phrases,  as  lapides  iaci  coepti 
sunt  in  Caes.  B.  G.  2.  6.  2.  This  is  hardly  a  "curious  instance 
of  attraction,"  as  Lindsay  calls  it  in  his  Latin  Language,  522, 
cf.  Kuhner  II,  i  §125.1,  2,  also  H.  Kratz  in  N.  Jahrb.f.  Phil.  u. 
Paedag.,  XI,  724,  f.,  Eduard  Wolfflin  in  Archiv  f.  lat.  Lexikogr. 
u.  Gram.  VI,  101. 

The  following  notes  contain  remarks  on  apparently  imperso- 
nal passive  forms  that  have  not  been  included,  with  the  reasons 
for  such  exclusion. 

Note  I.  The  neuter  gerundive  of  intransitive  verbs  is  used  with 
est  as  an  impersonal  phrase  to  signify  that  the  action  must 
be  done;  as  nunc  est  bibendum  Hor.  Carm.  i.  37.  i.  Al- 
though this  form  is  a  variation  of  the  ventum  est  type, 


12  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

examples  containing  it  have  not  been  used,  because,  while 
this  construction  is  passive  in  form,  it  has  no  corresponding 
active. 

"Gerundives  and  gerunds  like  the  English  verbal  in 
-ing  were  originally  neither  active  nor  passive,  but  might 
stand  for  either  an  active  or  a  passive.  In  time  a  prevail- 
ing passive  meaning  grew  up  in  the  gerundive,  and  a  prevail- 
ing active  meaning  in  the  gerund."  Lane  §2238. 
Note  2.  Examples  of  iri  used  with  the  supine  forming  the  fu- 
ture passive  infinitive,  while  they  are  a  variant  of  the  ven- 
tum  est  type,  are  not  included  in  this  discussion,  because 
this  is  the  regular  way  of  expressing  the  future  passive  in- 
finitive, and  iri,  although  an  impersonal,  is  not  felt  as  one; 
as,  "Cic.  ad  Att.  7.  22.  I  eum  exceptum  iri  puto  —  I  think 
that  there  is  a  going  to  capture  him,  i.  e.  that  he  is  going  to 
be  captured.  Iri  is  used  impersonally  and  eum  is  the 
object  of  exceptum."  Lane  §2273. 

"The  form  of  the  infinitive  future  passive  is  derived  from 
the  notion  of  going  or  intending,  which  easily  passes  over 
into  that  of  futurity."  Zumpt  §668  note. 
Note  3.  Passives  used  with  certain  adverbs  such  as  satis,  tan- 
turn,  istuc,  etc.,  have  not  been  considered,  because  the  idea 
contained  in  these  adverbs  may  be  felt  to  be  the  subject;  as, 
Sallust.  Cat.  19.  6  de  superior  e  coniuratione  satis  dictum  (est). 
Satis,  or  the  idea  contained  in  it,  is  the  subject.  In  Caes. 
B.  G.  5.  19.  3  tantum  agris  vastandis  incendiisque  faciendis 
hostibus  noceretur,  tantum  has  been  considered  as  subject. 
In  Caes.  B.  G.  6.  34.  7  and  7.  16.  3  quantum  .  .  .  pro- 
videri  poterat,  quantum  is  the  subject. 

Grammarians  say  very  little  concerning  this  ventum  est  group. 
They  are  content  to  translate  it  by  the  stereotyped  and  mo- 
notonous forms,  there  is  a  coming,  people  came,  etc.,  ignoring 
for  the  most  part  the  fact  that  the  sense  of  the  passage  implies 
a  definite  doer  or  agent,  which  is  expressed  or  clearly  implied 
in  the  context. 

Several  definitions  of  the  ventum  est  type  (as  given  by  gram- 
marians) follow:  "An  impersonal  proposition  is  formed  in 
Latin  by  the  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  (or  transitives  which 
are  used  intransitively  in  a  certain  signification),  by  which 
it  is  simply  asserted  that  the  action  takes  place;  as  ventum  erat 
ad  urbem"  Madvig  §2i8c. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  13 

"The  third  person  singular  of  a  great  many  words,  especially 
of  those  denoting  movement  or  saying,  is,  or  may  be  used  im- 
personally, even  when  the  verb  is  neuter,  and  has  no  personal 
passive,  e.  g.  curritur  they  or  people  run."  Zumpt  §229. 

"The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  is  often  used;  as,  vivitur, 
people  live."  Gildersleeve  §208.2. 

"The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  can  be  used  only  imper- 
sonally; as,  itur,  there  is  a  going,  someone  goes."  Hale  and 
Buck  §20ic. 

"The  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  is  very  often  used  imper- 
sonally; as,  pugnatur,  there  is  fighting,  (it  is  fought)/'  Allen 
and  Greenough  §208. 

"The  impersonal  use  of  the  passive  proceeds  from  its  original 
reflexive  (or  middle)  meaning,  the  action  being  regarded  as 
accomplishing  itself  (compare  the  French  cela  se  fait)."  Allen 
and  Greenough  §2o8d,  note. 


CHAPTER  II 

DIVISIONS  OF  THE  VENTUM  EST  TYPE. 

The  examples  of  the  ventum  est  type  collected  from  the  Latin 
authors  of  the  republican  period,  have  been  classified  under  the 
following  headings;  as, 

I..    Actor  not  expressed. 

A.  Actor  definite  in 

a.  first  person  singular, 

-b.  second  person  singular  (real), 

c.  third  person  singular, 

d.  first  person  plural 

1.  real, 

2.  editorial, 

e.  second  person  plural, 

f.  third  person  plural. 

B.  Actor  indefinite  in 

a.  second  person  singular  (general), 

b.  third  person  singular, 

c.  third  person  plural. 

2..  Actor  not  expressed,  but  definitely  known  from  the 
verb;  as  Cato  de  Agr.  150.  i  interkalatum  erit  =  ponti- 
fices  interkalaverint. 

3..  Actor  expressed,  as  in  Caes.  B.  G.  5.  40.  4  a  nostris  re- 
sistitur.  These  impersonals  have  been  designated  in  this  dis- 
sertation "Impersonals  with  Expressed  Agent." 


14 


CHAPTER  III  i. 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE    FIRST    PERSON 
SINGULAR. 

This  division  contains  all  the  verbs  of  the  ventum  est  type,  the 
subjects  of  which,  if  expressed,  would  logically  be  in  the  first 
person  singular;  as,  Plaut.  Merc.  465  auscultabitur .  Demipho 
says  "ad  portum  ne  bitas,  dico  iam  tibi.  Do  not  go  to  the  har- 
bor, I  tell  you  that  now. "  Cfiarinus  is  expected  to  answer  in  the 
first  person,  either  negatively  or  affirmatively.  Instead  of  using 
this  very  much  overworked  first  person,  Plautus  gives  us  a 
variation,  by  using  " auscultabitur,  it  will  be  heard,"  which  is 
equivalent  to  saying,  "  I  will  heed  you  and  not  go  to  the  harbor. " 
Plaut.  As.  259  impetritum,  inauguratumst  =  impetrivi,  inaugu- 

ravi;  cf.  sumamt  intervortam,  conferam  258. 

Plaut.  Bacch.  66  desudascitur  =  desudasco;  cf.  metuam  65,  me  66. 
Plaut.  Cas.  758a  ibitur  =  ibo,  being  said  in  answer  to  i. 
Plaut.  Cist.  519  definitumst  =  definivi;  cf.  remittam. 
Plaut.  Men.  533  factum  est  =  fed,  being  said  in  answer  to  te  sur~ 

rupuisse  aiebas  532. 

Paut.  Men  538  curabitur  =  curabo;  cf.  dicam. 
Plaut.  Men.  679  factum  est  =  fed;  cf.  dedi  678,  redimam  680. 
Plaut.  Men.  964  proventum  est  =  proveni;  cf.  faciam,  cupio  963. 
Plaut.  Merc.  324  visumst  =  vidi,  being  in  answer  to  vide. 
Plaut.  Merc.  465  auscultabitur  —  auscultabo,  being  in  answer  to 

ad  portum  ne  bitas. 
Plaut.  Merc.  776  abibitur  —  abibo,  being  in  answer  to  volo   <te 

abire  > . 

Plaut.  M.  G.  1173  praeceptumst  =  praecepi;  cf.  volo  1170. 
Plaut.  Most.  314  imperatum  est  =  imperavi;  cf.  volo. 
Plaut.  Most  401  curabitur  =  curabo,  answering  the  command  in- 

tus  cave  muttire  quemquam  siveris. 
Plaut.  Pers.  I7b  vivitur  =  vivo,  answering  quid  agitur?  which  is 

equivalent  to  quid  agis\  cf.  ut  vales,  ut  queo  17*. 
Plaut.  Pers.  246  taciturn  erit,  celabitur  =  tacebo,  celabo,  cf.  tu  hoc 

taceto. 

Plaut.  Pers.  320  credetur  =  credam;  cf.  commodabo. 

15 


1 6  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Plaut.  Poen.  913  dictumst  =  disci t  being  in  answer  to  the  com- 
mand haec  cum  clanculum  ut  sint  dicta. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  273  amatur,  egetur  =  amo,  egeo,  answering  quid 

agitur,  Calidore? 
Plaut.  Pseud.  457  statur  =  sto,  answering  quid  agitur  which  is 

equivalent  to  quid  agis. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  687  philosophatum  est  —  philosophatus  sum;  cf.  diu 

loquor. 

Plaut.  Rud.  776  curatumst  =  curavi,  being  an  answer  to  the  com- 
mand cur  a. 
Plaut.  Stich.  467  sustentatumst  =  sustentavi,  answering  valuistin 

usque? 

Plaut.  Stich.  509  credetur  =  credam;  cf.  experior. 
Plaut.  Stich.  586  sustentatumst  =  sustentavi,  answering  valuistin 

bene? 
Plaut.  Trin.  578  ibitur  —  ibo,  answering  the  command  abi  hue  ad 

meant  sororem  ad  Callidem  577. 
Plaut.  Trin.  720  sisti  potest  =  sister e  possum;  cf.  agam,  constrin- 

gam,  accomodem,  iubeam. 
Plaut.  True.  667  ibitur  =  ibo,  answering  qui  non  extemplo  <in- 

tro>ieris. 

Ter.  Ad.  210  actum  esse  =  egisse  <me>\  cf.  conveniam,  faxo  209. 
Ter.  Ad.  561  f actum  —  fed,  answering  produxe  aibas. 
Ter.  Ad.  631  cessatum  est  =  cessavi;  cf.  exorassem,  ducerem  630. 
Ter.  Ad.  q^Sfactumst  =  fed,  answering  tu  illas  abi  et  traduce  QI?. 
Ter.  Eun.  271  statur  =  sto;  cf.  quid  agitur,  an  equivalent  to  quid 

agis. 

Ter.  Eun.  851  f  actum  =  fed,  answering  aufugistin? 
Ter.  Eun.  1066  dictumst  —  dixi,  strengthening  the  threat  si  te  in 

platea  offendero  1064. 
Ter.  Heaut.  862  inceptumst  =  incepi;  cf .  mi. 
Ter.  Hec.  452  factum  =  fed,  answering  dixtin  dudum  illam  dix- 

isse  se  expectare  filium? 
Ter.  Hec.  457  creditur  =  credo,  being  an  answer  to  bene  factum 

te  advenisse,  etc. 

Ter.  Hec.  843  visumst  —  vidi,  answering  vide  841. 
Ter.  Hec.  846  factum  =  fed,  confirming  te  dixisse    .     .     . 

Bacchidem  anulum  suom  habere  845,  846. 
Ter.  Phorm.  402  did  potest  =  dicer  e  possum;  cf.  mihi  401. 
Cato  de  Agr.  118  scriptum  est  =  scripsi  (the  writer). 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  1 7 

Varro  L.  L.  5.  109  perventum  est  =  perveni;  cf.  dicam  105. 
Varro  L.  L.  5.  171  dictum  est  —  dixi;  cf.  video  164. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.  21  dictum  —  dixi;  cf.  omitto  8.  19. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.21  visum  est  =  vidi;  cf.  dico  22. 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  92  responsum  est  —  respondi;  cf.  dixi. 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  107  dictum  est  —  dixi  (the  writer). 
Varro  L.  L.  10.51  decurritur  =  decurro;  cf.  dico. 


CHAPTER  III  2. 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  SECOND  PERSON 
SINGULAR 

The  second  division  contains  all  those  examples  that  have  a 
definite  doer  logically  implied  in  the  second  person  singular;  as, 
Plaut.  Amph.  700  factum  est.  Alcumena  says,  "nam  dudum 
ante  lucem  et  istunc  et  te  vidi.  A  little  before  dawn,  I  saw  you 
and  him  (Sosia)."  Amphitruo  asks,  "quo  in  loco?  In  what 
place?"  Alcumena  answers,  "hie  in  aedibus  ubi  tu  habitas. 
Here  in  the  house  where  you  live."  Amphitruo  replies,  "num- 
quam  factum  est.  It  never  was  done."  Factum  est  is  equiv- 
alent to  fecisti,  you  never  did,  meaning  you  never  saw  us.  The 
context  demands  such  an  answer. 

Plaut.  Amph.  700  numquam  factum  est  =  numquam  fecisti,  be- 
ing a  denial  of  istunc  et  te  vidi  699. 

Plaut.  Amph.  749  numquam  factumst  =  numquam  fecisti,  an- 
swering audivistin  tu  me  narrare  haec  hodie! 
Plaut.  Cure.  122  nolo  did  -  nolo  <te>  dicer e. 
Plaut.  Cure.  714  factum  est  —  fecisti,  answering  his  own  question 

promistin te  omne  argentum  redditurum 

709-710. 

Plaut.  Poen.  756  postulatumst  =  postulavisti,  answering  the  re- 
mark valeant  apud  te  quos  volo  755. 

Plaut.  Pseud.  501  dictumst  =  dixisti;  cf.  mussitabas.  The  ques- 
tion non  a  me  scibas  pistrinum  in  mundo  tibi  500,  answered 
by  scibam,  is  immediately  followed  by  quin  dictumst  mihi? 
which  is  answered  in  502. 

Plaut.  Pseud.  516  praedicitur  =  praedicis;  cf.  te  515.     This  ques- 
tion is  asked  as  an  answer  tofacito  ut  memineris  515. 
Plaut.  Trin.  138  curatum  =  curavisti;  cf.  inconciliastin  136,  ex- 

turbasti   137. 

Plaut.  True.  369  ambulatumst  =  ambulavisti;  cf.  soles  368. 
Ter.  Eun.  416  dictum  —  dixisti;  cf.  iugularas  417. 
Ter.  Eun.  902  commissum  erit  =  commiseris,  answering,  nonfac- 
iam,   Pythias. 

18 


CHAPTER  III  3. 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  THIRD  PERSON 
SINGULAR 

This  group  includes  all  those  verbs  having  a  definite  actor  log- 
ically implied  in  the  third  person  singular;  as,  Plaut.  Pseud.  1113 
imperatumst.  Harpax,  after  speaking  of  the  general  worthless- 
ness  of  slaves  when  their  master  is  absent,  adds,  "ego,  ut  mi  im- 
peratumst, etsi  abest,  hie  aofesse  erum  arbitror.     I,  as   <my 
master  >  commanded  me,  although  he  is  away,  think  he  is  here 
<and  act  accordingly  >."     The  sense  of  the  passage  requires 
a  definite  subject  for  the  active  verb  implied  in    imperatumst, 
as  is  shown  by  erum. 
Plaut.  Aul.  527  itur  -  it]  cf.  ipsus  530. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  43  emeritum  sit  =  emeruerit;  cf.  haec. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  447  itur  =  it;  cf.  magister  448. 
Plaut.  Cure.  336  responsumst  =  respondit;  cf.  respondit  333,  ab 

illo  336. 

Plaut.  Men.  650  factum  =  fecit;  cf .  homo,  Menaechmus. 
Plaut.  Men.  SoSfactumst  =  fecit;  cf.  hoc,  hominem. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  590  actum  est  =  egit;  cf.  mulier  591. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  1085  responsumst  —  respondit;  cf.  hie  1083. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  1332  factum  est  =  fecit;  cf.  mulierem  1330,  also  huic 

miserae. 

Plaut  M.  G.  1403  ventumst  =  venit;  cf.  uxorem  1402. 
Plaut.  Most.  260  dictum  =  dixit;  cf.  Scaphae. 
Plaut.  Most.  958  desitum  est  potarier  =  desiit  polar e;  cf.  eius  957. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  74  scriptum  est  =  scripsit;  cf.  ea  62. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  1113  imperatumst  =  imperavit;  cf.  erum. 
Plaut.  Trin.  138  mandatum  =  mandavit;  cf.  qui  137. 
Plaut.  Trin.  308  actumst    =  egit;  cf.  animus  306. 
Plaut.  Trin.  600  imperatumst  =  imperavit;  cf.  ibit  598. 
Ter.  Ad.  279  reddetur  -  reddet;  cf.  reddet  280. 
Ter.  Ad.  474  ignotumst,  tacitumst,  creditumst  —  ignovitt  tacuit, 

credidit;  cf.  matrem  471. 

Ter.  Ad.  508  defunctum  sit  =  defunctus  sit;  d.fratrem  510. 
Ter.  Heaut.  200  mansum  =  mansit;  cf.  erat  201. 

19 


2O  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Ter.  Heaut.  568  factum  —  fecit.    Syrus  confirms  the  statement 

of  Chremes. 

Ter.  Heaut.  628  factum  est  =  fecit,  confirmation  of  sustulisti. 
Ter.  Phorm.  135  persuasumst  =  persuasit;  cf.  Phormio  122. 
Ter.  Phorm.  283  ventumst  =  venit;  cf.  potuit. 
Ter.  Phorm.  778  siletur  =  silet. 
Ter.  Phorm.  ioo6factumst  =  fecit;  cf.  duxit  1005. 
Cato  de  Agr.  144.  3  conductum  erit  =  conduxerit;  cf.  redemptoris. 
Cato  de  Agr.  144.  3  locatum  erit  =  locaverit;  cf.  domino. 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  72  potest  agi  —  potest  agere;  cf.  is  (the  person  to 

whom  the  daughter  is  promised). 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  94  itur  =  it;  cf.  classicus  92. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  2.  6  adnumeratum  est  =  adnumeravit;  cf.  dominum. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  4.  20  bucinatum  est  =  bucinavit;  cf.  subulcus. 
Varro  R.  R.  3.  8.  i.  dictum  est  =  dixit;  cf.  Axius  7.  n. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  4.  3  mandatum  erat  =  mandaverat;  cf.  L.  Plancus 

4.1. 

(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  6.  6  discedebatur  =  discedebat;  cf.  Caesar  5. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  19.  4  decertatum  est  =  decertavit;  cf.  Labienus. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  31.  2  accederetur  =  accederet;  cf.  hostes. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  50  i  perveniretur  =  perveniret;  cf.  Caesari. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  82.  3  pugnari  =  <Caesarem>  pugnare;  cf.  Cae- 

sare. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  88.  7  erat  imperatum  —  imperaverat;  cf.   Caesar 

86.  i  and  86.  3. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  i.  5  succurri  posset  =  succurrere  posset;  cf.  Cae- 
sar 4. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  9.  2  occursum  est  —  occurrit;  cf.  Caesar  8.  i. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  14.  i  ventum  est  =  venit;  cf.  uterque. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  75.  3  confligitur  =  confligit;  cf.  Caesar  i. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  5.  3.  decurritur,  discessum  est  =  decurrit,  discessitf 

cf.   senatus. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  5.  4.  decernitur  =  decernit;  cf.  senatus. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  6.  6.feratur  —  ferat;  cf.  senatus  5. 
Caes.  B.  C.   1.24.5  disceptetur  =  disceptet;  cf.  Caesar,  se  cum 

Pompeio. 
Caes.  B.C.  i.  26.  5  wow  £0sse  agi  =  <Libonem>  non  posse  agere; 

cf.  Z/#>0. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  37.  3  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  36. 4. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  71.  i  confligeretur  =  confligeret;  cf.  exercitum. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  21 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  80.  5  pugnatur  =  pugnat;  cf.  equitatus  80.  4. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  84.  2venitur  =  venit;  cf.  Afranius. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  85.  12  dictum  esset  =  dixisset;  cf.  Caesar  i. 

Caes.  B.  C.  2.  22.  5  imperatum  est  —  imperavit;  cf.  Caesar  6. 

Caes.  B.  C.  2.  25.  7  imperatum  est  =  imperavit;  cf.  Curio  6. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  33.  i  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Scipio. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  72.  4  esse^  offensum  =  offendisset;  cf.  ducis,  tribuni. 

Caes.  B.C.  3.  75.  4  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  85.  3  />0sse  dimicari  =  <  Caesarem>  posse  dimicare; 

cf.  Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  93.  3  imperatum^  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Pompei. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  n.  6  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  14.  I  noceri  posse  =  <  Caesarem>  nocere  posse;  cf. 


Caes.  B.  G.  3.  23.  2  ventum  erat  =  venerat;  cf.  Crassus  i. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  26.  2  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Crassus. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  8.  i  visum  est  =  vit^;  cf.  Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  n.  I  constitutum  erat  =  constituerat;  cf.  Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  28.  i  ventum  est  =  venit;  cf.  Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  31.  3  navigari  posset  =  navigare  posset;  cf.  effecit. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  3.  3  cognitum  est  =  cognovit;  cf.  a/ter. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  7.  9.  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  6. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  8.  5.  accesum  sit  =  accesserit;  cf.  i^se  2. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  45.  5  cognoscitur  =  cognoscit;  cf.  Caesar  em. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  47.  3  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  46.  I. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  48.  7  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Caesar  I. 

Caes.  B.  G.  6.  30.  i  imperatum  est  =  imperaverat;  cf.  Caesar  29.  i. 

Caes.  B.  G.  6.  34.  7  noceretur  =  noceret;  cf.  Caesar  8. 

Caes.  B.  G.  6.  43.  4  ventum  est  =  venit;  (supply  res). 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  36.  7  veniri  posset  =  venire  posset',  cf.  Vercingetorix2. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  61.  i  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  i/>^  60.  4 

(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  27.  5  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Fabius  3. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  27.  6  ventum  esset  —  venisset;  cf.  Caesar  3. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  35.  i  ventum  esset  =  venisset;  cf.  Caesar. 

Catullus  39.  2  ventum  est  =  i>e?w/;  cf.  Egnatius. 

Catullus  39.  5  lugetur  =  luget;  cf.  mater. 

Sail.  Cat.  45.  2  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Cicero  I. 

Sail.  Cat.  50.  5  ventum  est  =  <  consul>  venit;  cf.  a  consule. 

Sail.  Cat.  55.  5  praeceptum  erat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  consul,  I. 

Sail.  Jug.  13.  8  consuleretur  =  consuleret;  cf.  senatu. 


22  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Sail.  Jug.  25.  i  consuleretur  =  consuleret;  cf.  iw  senatu  24.  I. 

Sail.  Jug.  29.  6  imperatum  erat  —  impemvemt;  cf.  Calpurnius  4. 

Sail.  Jug.  52.  3  praeceptum  fuerat  =  praeceperat;  cf.  Metello  2, 

Sail.  Jug.  53.  I  imperabatur  =  imperabat;  cf.  Rutilius  52.  5. 

Sail.  Jug.  62.  7  iussum  erat  =  iusserat;  cf.  iubet  6. 

Sail.  Jug.  75.  7  ventum  =  venit;  cf.  proficiscitur  6. 

Sail.  Jug.  91.  I  ventum  est  =  vewi/;  cf.  dislribuerat,  curabat. 

Sail.  Jug.  108.  2  caveri  nequivisse  =  <Bocchum>  cavere  nequi- 

visse;  cf.  Bocchus. 

Sail.  Jug.  109.  3  praeceptum  fuerat  —  praeceperat;  cf.  5W/a  i. 
Nep.  6.  i.  2  factum  est  =  fecit;  cf.  consecutus  sit. 
Nep.  14.  8.  3  pugnatum  erat  =  pugnaverat;  cf.  posuit. 
Nep.  15.  8.  i  reditum  est  =  rediit;  cf.  i//£  permisit. 
Nep.  18.  8.  4  posset  perveniri  —  posset  pervenire;  cf.  Antigonus. 
Nep.  1 8.  9.  5  imperatum  erat  =  imperaverat;  cf.  mittit,  praecepit  3. 
Nep.  19.  4.  i  perventum  est  =  pervenit;  cf.  valeret,  portaretur. 


CHAPTER  III  4. 

THE    ACTOR    DEFINITE    IN     THE     FIRST     PERSON 

PLURAL 

Under  this  heading  are  placed  all  those  verbs  which  have  an 
implied  definite  actor  in  the  first  person  plural.     There  are  two 
varieties  of  this  class,  the  Real  and  the  Editorial. 
I.  Real. 

The  Real  first  plural  refers  to  definite  persons,  as  Ter.  Phorm. 
135  factumst,  ventumst,  vincimur.  Vincimur  is  a  real  first  person 
plural  active  and  has  for  its  subject,  Geta,  who  is  speaking,  and 
his  master.  In  the  same  line,  Terence  uses  factumst  and  ventumst, 
two  impersonals  which  have  for  the  subject  of  their  equivalent 
actives  fecimus  and  venimus,  the  same  subject  as  vincimur. 
Geta  says,  "factumst,  ventumst,  vincimur.  We  did  <it>, 
we  came,  we  were  conquered,  or  we  did  <  as  Phormio  advised  > , 
we  went  <  to  court  > ,  we  lost  <  our  case  > . "  Vincimur  clear- 
ly shows  that  factumst  and  ventumst  are  equivalent  to  actives 
with  an  implied  subject  in  the  real  first  person  plural. 
Plaut.  Cure.  646  ventum  est  =  venimus;  cf.  ea  me  spectatum  tu- 

lerat  per  Dionysia  644. 

Plaut.  Stich.  774  saltatum  est  =  saltavimus;  cf.  abeamus. 
Plaut.  True.  9  ventumst  =  venimus;  cf .  agamus. 
Ter.  Ad.  302  emergi  potest  =  emergere  possumus;  cf.  mihi,  erae- 

que  filiaeque  erili. 

Ter.  And.  I2qfletur  =  flemus;  cf.  venimus  128. 
Ter.  Heaut.  275  ventum  est  —  venimus;  cf.  hie,  ego  277. 
Ter.    Heaut.    281  interventum  est  =  intervenimus;  cf.  hie,  ego  277. 
Ter.  Heaut.  743  eatur  —  eamus;  cf .  sequere  hac. 
Ter.  Phorm.  135  factumst,  ventumst  =  fecimus,  venimus;  cf.  vin- 
cimur. 
Ter.  Phorm.  640  pervenirier  potuit  =  pervenire  potuimus;  cf.  vo- 

lumus  641. 
Ter.  Phorm.  773  possiet  discedi  =  possimus  discedere;  cf.  gesseri- 

mus  772. 

Varro  R.  R.  i.  44.  3  dicetur  =  dicemus;  cf.  Licinius  3  and  Agrius. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  2.  6  agitur  =  agimus;  cf.  emptor,  ille. 

23 


24  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Caes.  B.  C.  2.  31.  4  credi  —  < nos>  credere;  cf.  habeamus  5. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  44.  8  concedi  oporteret  =  <nos>  concedere  opor- 

teret;  cf.  nos. 
Lucr.  6.  32  occurri  =  <  was  >  occurrere;  cf .  tendimus  26,  possemus 

28. 

Sail.  Jug.  31.  26  vindicatum  =  vindicaverimus;  cf.  vivamus. 
2.   Editorial. 

In  this  group  have  been  placed  those  impersonals  denoting 
what  the  writer  thinks,  knows,  or  says.  To  avoid  mentioning 
himself  exclusively,  he  uses  an  "editorial  plural."  This  some- 
times means  himself,  as  in  Sail.  Jug.  33.  2  diximus,  which  is 
equivalent  to  dixi  and  clearly  means  the  writer  (Sallust)  only. 
Or  the  author  may  include  others  besides  himself  in  this  first 
plural,  as  in  Varro  L.  L.  9.  54  dicimus  which  has  for  subject  we 
grammarians  or  we  people.  Again,  to  vary  his  construction,  he 
may  substitute  an  impersonal,  having  for  its  equivalent  active  a 
subject  in  the  first  plural  editorial,  as  in  Sail.  Jug.  96.  I  dictum 
est.  That  dictum  est  is  a  first  plural  editorial,  is  proved  by  Jug. 
33-  2»  34-  I>  37-  3>  38.  6,  where  diximus  is  used  in  the  same  sense. 
By  careful  comparison  with  the  active  plurals  in  the  same  para- 
graph, it  has  been  felt  that  the  six  examples  of  Varro  which  fol- 
low, should  be  classed  as  first  plural  rather  than  first  singular. 

The  fourteen  examples  of  Caesar  which  are  cited,  are  also  felt 
to  be  plurals  rather  than  singulars  because  Caesar  uses  the  first 
plural  active  much  more  frequently  than  first  singular  active. 
Evidence  for  this  is  given  in  Appendix  I . 
Varro  L.  L.  5.  74  dictum  est  =  diximus;  cf.  dicimus,  videamus 

5-  75- 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  54  dicitur  =  dicimus;  cf.  dicimus. 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  76  transiretur  —  transiremus,  cf.  dicimus. 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  82  perventum  est  =  pervenimus;  cf.  dicimus  83. 

Varro  L.  L.  9.  98  responderi  potest  =  respondere  possumus;  cf. 
dicamus  97. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  4.  i;  Caes.  B.  C.  i.  39.  i,  I.  48.  3,  i.  56.  2,  2. 
34.  i,  3.  6.  2,  3.  15.  i,  3.  39.  i,  3.  62.  i;  B.  G.  4.  28.  i  demon- 
stratum  est  —  demonstravimus . 

Caes.  B.  G.  I.  16.  2, 1.  49.  3,  3.  20. 1, 4.  35. 1  dictum  est  =  diximus. 

Caes.  B.  G.  6.  n.  i  perventum  est  =  pervenimus. 

Sail.  Jug.  96.  i  dictum  est  =  diximus;  cf.  diximus  33.  2,  34.  i,  37.  3, 
38.  6. 


CHAFIERIII  5. 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  SECOND  PERSON 

PLURAL 

This  class  includes  all  verbs  of  the  ventum  est  type,  which 
have  a  definite  actor  logically  implied  in  the  second  plural,  as 
Plaut.  Bacch.  757  erit  accubitum.  In  753  Chrysalus  says, 
11  Mnesiloche  et  tu  Pistoclere,  iam  facite  in  biclinio  cum  arnica 
sua  uterque  accubitum  eatis."  Then  in  757  instead  of  repeat- 
ing the  second  plural  he  uses  the  impersonal  erit  accubitum  which 
is  equivalent  to  accubueritis  as  is  shown  not  only  by  accubitum 
eatis  in  755,  but  by  exsurgatis  758. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  757  accubitum  erit  =  accubueritis;  cf.  accubitum 

eatis  755. 

Plaut.  M.  G.  737  desisti  =  < vos>  desistere;  cf.  istis. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  n.  I  praedictum  est  —  praedixistis;  cf.  adieceritis. 
Caes.  B.  C.  2.  38.  3  auditum  erat  =  audiveratis;  supply,  "you, 

my  readers." 


25 


CHAPTER   III  6. 

THE  ACTOR  DEFINITE  IN  THE  THIRD   PERSON 

PLURAL 

In  this  group  are  placed  all  those  verbs  (of  the  ventum  est  type) 
which  have  a  definite  actor  logically  implied  in  the  third  plural, 
as  Plaut.  Pseud.  453  itur.     Pseudolus  hears  Callipho  and  Simo 
talking  about  him.     He  knows  that  punishment  awaits  him,  so 
he  says  to  himself  in  453-4,  "itur  ad  te,  Pseudole.     Orationem 
tibi  para  advorsum  senem.     They  are  making  towards  you, 
Pseudolus;  prepare  your  speech  to  meet  the  old  fellow."     Then 
advancing  to  meet  them  he  says  aloud  in  455-6  "erum  saluto  pri- 
mum,  ut  aequomst,  postea  si  quid   superfit   vicinos    impertio. 
First,  as  is  proper,  I  salute  my  master,  and  after  that  if  anything 
is  left  I  bestow  it  upon  his  neighbors."     Itur  is  equivalent  to 
eunt,  which  has  for  its  implied  subject  Callipho  and  Simo. 
Plaut.  Cas.  813  exitur  —  exeunt;  cf.  prodeant  806. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  1091  factumst  =  fecerunt;  cf.  legerunt  1090. 
Plaut.  Poen.  835  bibitur,  estur  =  bibunt,  edunt;  cf.  omnia  genera 

834. 
Plaut.  Pseud.  453  itur  =  eunt,  which  has  for  its  implied  subject 

Callipho  and  Simo. 
Ter.  And.  251  itur  —  eunt;  cf.  alunt  250. 
Ter.  Heaut.  44  curritur  —  currunt:  cf.  scribunt,  parcunt  43. 
Ter.  Phorm.  1010  ventumst  =  venerunt;  cf.  fiunt. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.  39  transitum  =  (verba)  transisse;  cf.  verbis. 
Varro  R.  R.  2.  6.  3  solet  caveri  =  solent  caver e;  cf.  emptores  implied 

in  emptionibus. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  26.  3  subventum  foret  =  subvenissent;  cf.  Alienum, 

Rabirium  Postumum. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  61.  i  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  exercitus  in- 

structi. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  2.  3  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  habebant. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  2.  5  visum  est  —  viderunt;  cf.  movebant. 
(Caes.)   B.  Alex.   15.7  discessum  est  =  discesserunt;  cf.   occur- 

rerent  6. 

26 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  27 

(Caes.)   B.  Alex.    16.  5  decertatum  est  =  decertaverunt;  cf.   con- 
tender-ent,  viderent  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  25.  5  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  proficiscun- 

tur  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  29.  3  certaretur  =  certarent;  cf.  milites  equitesque 

nostros. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  31.  I  pugnabatur  —  pugnabant;  cf.  milites. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  31.  2  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  cohortis  I. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  40.  i  concurritur,  pugnatur  =  concurrunt,  pug- 

nant;  cf.  signo     .     .     .     ab  utroque  dato. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  46.  3  concurritur  =  concurrunt;  cf.  ad  duces. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  53.  I  concurritur  =  concurrunt;  cf.  Berones  com- 

plurisque  evocatos. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  60.  5  confligitur  =  confligunt;  cf.  legiones. 
(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  63.  3  pugnetur  =  pugnent;  cf.   cohortibus,  and 

numero  equitum  et  reliquorum  auxiliorum  i. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  4.  I  resistitur  =  resistunt;  cf.  consulis,  Scipionis, 

Catonis. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  26.  4  discedatur  =  discedant';  cf.  Caesar  2,  Pom- 

peius   i . 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  26.  4  discessum  sit  =  discesserint;  cf.  Caesar  2, 

Pompeius   i . 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  41.  3  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  Caesar,  Afra- 

nius. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  43.  5  contenditur  =  contendunt;  cf.  Afraniani,  nos- 

tri. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  45.  6  pugnabatur  =  pugnabant;  cf.  constiterant, 

sustinebant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  46.  I  pugnatum  esset  —  pugnavissent;  cf.  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  46.  3  pugnatum  est  —  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostri; 

Afranianis  5. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  47.  4  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  illi. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  58.  2  ventum  erat  =  venerant;  cf.  confugiebant. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  67.  i  posse  veniri  =  <se>  posse  venire;  cf.  cense- 

bant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  67.  2  />0sse  exm  =  <se>  posse  exire;  cf.  sumebant. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  69.  4  conclamatur  =  conclamant;  cf.  exeunt,  con- 
tendunt. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  79.  4  adpropinquatum  esset  =  adpropinquavissent; 

cf.  inherent. 


28  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  80.  i  pugnatur,  proceditur  =  pugnant,  procedunt; 

cf.  subsistunt. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  86.  3  disputatum  esset  =  disputavissent;  cf.  in 

utramque  par  tern. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  87.  I  veniatur  =  veniant;  cf.  dimittantur  86.  3. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  87.  3  postulatum  est  =  postulaverunt;  cf.  Petreius 

atque    Afranius. 
Caes.  B.  C.  2.  9.  9  visum  est  =  viderunt;  cf.  exstruxerunt,  relique- 

runt. 

Caes.  B.  C.  2.  16.  2  noceri  posse  =  nocere  possent;  cf.  A0j/es  I. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  6.  I  perventum  esset  =  pervenissent;  cf.  milites. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  16.  4  discederetur  =  discederent;  cf.  Pompei,  Cae- 

saris   5. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  16.  5  ra/w  posset  =  redire  possent;  cf.  missuros. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  19.  5  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  /ega/^  4. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  26.  5  itum  est  =  ierunt;  cf.  wac^,  introduxeruntt 

aestimaverunt. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  37.  3  contenderetur  —  contenderent;  cf.  militibus. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  52.  I  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  Volcatius 

Tullus,  legionis,  cohortibus  tribus,  and  Germani  2. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  52.   i  succurri  posset  =   succurrere  possent;  cf. 


Caes.  B.  C.  3.  63.  2    dimicaretur,    posset    resisti  =  dimicarent> 

possent  resistere;  cf.  nostri. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  67.  5  pugnatum  est  —  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostri,  illi. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  72.  3  dimicatum  =  <se>  dimicavisse;  d.Pompeia- 

nis  i,  nostrorum  militum  2. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  80.  3  succurratur  =  succurrant;  cf.  Scipionemt 

Pompeium. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  86.  I  cognitum  est  =  cognoverunt;  cf.  Caesar  apud 

suos. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  86.  3  accessum  sit  —  accesserint;  d.equitibus. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  87.  7  discessum  est  —  discesserunt;  cf.  praecipie- 

bant. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  109.  I  ageretur  =  agerent;  cf.  regum. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  in.  2  pugnatum  est  —  pugnaverunt;  cf.  Achillas^ 

Caesar. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  111.3  Pugnabatur  —  pugnabant;  cf.  diductis  copiis. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  in.  5  actum  est  —  egerunt;  cf.  i//i,  Ai. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  in.  5  agi  debuit  =  agere  debuerunt;  cf.  t//t,  Ai. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  29 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  112.  7  pugnatum  est,  discederetur  =  pugnaverunt, 

discederent;  cf.  neutri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  I.  26.  i  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostros, 

Helvetii. 

Caes.  B.  G.  I.  26.  2  pugnatum  sit  —  pugnaverint;  cf.  nostros,  Hel- 
vetia. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  26.  3  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  nostros, 

Helvetii. 

Caes.  B.  G.  i.  26.  4  pugnatum  esset  =  pugnavissent;  cf.  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  i.  30.  5  mandatum  esset  —  mandavissent;  cf.    sanxe- 

runt. 

Caes.  B.  G.  i.  43.  2  dictum  erat  =  dixerant;  cf.  venerunt. 
Caes.  B.  G.  I.  43.  4  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  Caesar  2,  Ariovis- 

tus  3. 

Caes.  B.  G.  i.  52.  4  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  w0s/ri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  6.  I  sustentatum  est  =  sustentaverunt;  cf.  Remorum. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  9.  i  contendebatur  =  contendebant;  cf.  neutri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  10.  I  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  fortes,  wos/n. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  11.4  ventum  erat  —  venerant;  cf.  nostrorum  militum. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  17.  2  cognitum  est  =  cognoverunt;  supply  Caesar 

and  his  officers. 

Caes.  B.  G.  2.  20.  i  concurri  =  <milites>  concurrere;  cf.  milites. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  32.  4  perspectum  est  =  perspexerunt;  supply  Cae- 
sar and  his  officers. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  2  intellectum  est  =  intellexerunt;  supply  Caesar 

and  his  officers. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  3  concur  sum  est  =  concurrerunt;  cf.  proximis 

castellis. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  5.  I  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  nostros. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  15.  4  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  nostri,  perpaucae 

(naves  hostium.) 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  21.  i  pugnatum  est  —  pugnaverunt;  cf.  Sotiates, 

nostri. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  22.  4  pugnatum  esset  —  pugnavissent;  cf.  milites. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  24.  5  exspectari  =  <se>  exspectare;  cf.  omnium. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  24.  5  ^re/«r  =  irew/;  cf.  omnium. 
Caes.  B.  G.  4.  13.  5  dicebatur,  dictum  esset  =  dicebant,  dixissent; 

cf.  Germani  4. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  16.  i  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  nostros,  illi  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  19.  3  discedi  =  <eos>  discedere;  cf.  equitum  2. 


3O  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  25.  5  perventum  =  <se>  pervenisse;  cf.  legatis, 

quaestoribus  . 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  26.  I  ventum  est  —  venerunt;  cf.    legatis,   quaesto- 

ribus, legiones  25.5. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  31.  i  consurgitur  =  consurgunt;  cf.  comprehendunt, 

orant. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  31.  5  maneatur  =  maneant;  cf.  proficiscuntur. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  35.  5  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  committebant. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  44.  3  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  suos  omnes,  and 

hostes  43.  6. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  50.  5  concursari,  agi  =   <milites>  concursare, 

agere;  cf.  equites. 
Caes.  B.  G.  5.  56.  i  veniri  =  <legationes>  venire;  cf.  legationes, 

55-  4- 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  58.  3  visum  est  =  viderunt;  cf.  equites  2. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  13.  7.  interdictum  est  =  inter  dixerunt;  cf.  interdi- 

cunt  6. 
Caes.  B.  G.  6.  19.  3  compertum  est  =  conipererunt;  cf.  habent,  in- 

terficiunt. 

Caes.  B.  G.  6.  37.  6  trepidatur  =  trepidant;  cLferantur,  provident. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  2.  3  disceditur  =  discedunt;  cf.  gwi. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  4.  2  concurritur  =  concurrunt;  cf.  sww  dientibus. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  15.  3  deliberatur  =  deliberant;  cf.  Gallis  4. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  16.  3  ire/wr  =  irent;  cf.  nostris. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  24.  4  occurreretur  =  occurrerent;  cf.  /wstes  3. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  25.  i  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  hostibus,  nobis. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  28.  i  veniretur  =  venirent;  cf.  *//*  27.  3. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  35.  5  perventum  —  <eos>  pervenisse;  cf.  copias, 

correptis  cohortibus  4. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  49.  I  pugnari  =  <milites>  pugnare;  cf.  Romanis 

48.  4. 

Caes.  B.  G.     7-  5°-  J  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  hostes,  nostri. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  61.  3  tumultuari  —   <milites>   tumultuare;  cf. 


Caes.  B.  G.  7.  67.  2  pugnatur  =  pugnant;  cf.  equitatum,  hostem, 

omnibus  in  partibus. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  70.  6  veniri  =  <  legiones  >  venire;  cf.  legiones  5. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  76.  5  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  those  in  the  town, 

implied  in  ex  oppido. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  80.  6  pugnaretur  =  pugnarent;  cf.  Germani,  hostes, 

nostri. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  31 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  84.  2  pugnatur,  concurritur  =  pugnant,  concurrunt, 

cf.  suos  i. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  85.  4  labor atur  =  laborant;  cf.  Ga//i,  Romani. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  87.  I  pugnaretur  —  pugnarent;  cf.  Brutum,  Fabium 

cum  aliis. 

(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  i.  2  resisti  posse  =  < se >  resistere posse;  cf.  Gallis. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  7.  2  esse  demigratum  =  <Bellovacos>  demigra- 

visse;  cf.  Bellovacos  I. 

(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  10.  2  contendebatur  —  contendebant;  cf.  panels. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  12.  $dimicari  =  < Remos >  dimicare;  cf.  Remis  3. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  19.  3  pugnatur  —  pugnant;  cf.  'pari  contentlone. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  23.  5  venturttesset  =  venissent;  cf.  C.  Volusenum 

Quadratum,  centuriones  4. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  29.  i  dimicaretur  =  dimicarent;  cf.  nostri  28.  4, 

/zos/es  28.5. 
(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  48.  ^  contender etur  —  contenderent;  cf.  Volusenus, 

ille. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  11.2  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  miserunt. 
(Caes.)  B.  H.  13.  7  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  dubitarunt, 

essent  facturi  6. 
(Caes.)  B.  H.  15.  5  pugnari  coeptum  est  =  pugnare  coeperunt;  cf. 

nostris  defendentibus  iniecissent  6. 
(Caes.)  B.  H.  23.  8  pugnatum  est  =  pugnaverunt;  cf.  inter  quos, 

comminus. 

(Caes.)  B.  H.  33.  2  ventum  esset  =  venissent;  cf.  coeperunt. 
Lucr.  2.  962  decursum  siet  =  decucurrerint;  cf.  animantes,  im- 
plied from  animantem  944,  and  possint  961. 
Lucr.  3.  598  trepidatur  =  trepidant;  cf.  cupiunt  599. 
Sail.  Cat.  9.  4  vindicatum  est  =  vindicaverunt;  cf.  curabant. 
Sail.  Cat.  51.  5  consultum  est  =  consultaverunt;  cf.  maiores  nostri. 
Sail.  Cat.  60.  2  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  cohortis,  hostium  exer- 

citus. 

Sail.  Cat.  60.  3  certatur=  certant;  cf.  veterani,  illi. 
Sail.  Jug.  53.  2  ventum  est  =  venerunt;  cf.  consistunt. 
Sail.  Jug.  54.  10  subveniretur  =  subvenirent;  cf.  Romanos. 
Sail.  Jug.  58.  i  certatur  =  certant;  cf .  Romani  57.  4.  oppidani  57.  5. 
Sail.  Jug.  60.  i.  certabatur  =  certabant;  cf.  t7/i,  /wstes  3. 
Sail.  Jug.  74.  3  certatum  =  certaverunt;  cf.  Numidae  2. 
Sail.  Jug.  76.  5  ventum  erat  =  venerant;  cf.  Romani. 
Sail.  Jug.  105.  i  consuleretur  =  consulerent;  cf.  Bocchus,  Sullam. 


32  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Sail.  Jug.  107.  7  perventum  est  —  pervenerunt;  cf.  intenderant. 
Sail.  Jug.  113.  2  veniretur  =  venirent;  cf.  Bacchus,  Sullam,  Jugur- 

thae    legatum. 
Sail.  Jug.  113.  6  dictum  erat  =  dixerant;  cf.  Bocchus,  Sullam, 

Jugurthae  legatum  2. 

Sail.  Jug.  113.  6  invaditur  —  invadunt;  cf.  undique,  ex  insidiis. 
Nep.  i.  4.  5  desperari  =  <praetores>  desperare;  cf.  praetores  4. 
Nep.  1.4.5  auderi     ....    dimicari  =  <  praetores  >  audere 

.     .     dimicare;  cf  .  praetores  4. 
Nep.  4.  3.  7  iudicari  —  <se>  iudicare;  cf.  putdbant. 
Nep.  6.  3.  5  iudicatum  foret  =  iudicavissent;  cf.  iudicum. 
Nep.  8.  3.  3  reditum  erat  =  redierant;  cf  .  vellent. 
Nep.  14.11.1  conveniretur  —  convenirent;  cf.  Datamen,  Mithri- 

dates. 

Nep.  15.  3.  3  disputaretur  —  disputarent;  cf.  circulum. 
Nep.  1  6.  4.  i  dimicatum  est  =  dimicaverunt;  cf.  gwi,  undique,  and 

praesidium  3.  3. 

Nep.  17.  2.  i  dimicari  =  <e0s>  dimicare;  cf.  Lacedaemoniis. 
Nep.  1  8.  4.  i  pugnatum  esset  —  pugnavissent;  cf.  copias  3.  3,  Mace- 

dones  3.  4. 
Nep.  1  8.  7.  3  conveniretur,  deliberaretur  —  convenirent,  deliberarent; 

cf.  omnes  2. 
Nep.  1  8.  9.  5  auditum  esse  =  <adversarios>  audivisse;  cf.  adver- 

sarios. 
Nep.  20.  3.  5  decretum  sit  =  decreverint;  cf.  Syracusani  implied  in 


Nep.  25.  2.  4  dictum  esset  —  dixissent;  cf.  hdberent. 


CHAPTER  III  7. 

THE  ACTOR  INDEFINITE  OR  GENERAL  IN  THE 
SECOND  PERSON  SINGULAR 

This  group  contains  all  those  examples  which  have  a  subject 
impliedly  indefinite  in  the  second  person  singular  (i.  e.  you  = 
anyone).  Cato  in  de  Agr.  5.  7,  giving  general  directions  as  to 
farming,  says,  "pecori  et  bubus  diligenter  substernatur.  Care- 
fully bed  your  flocks  and  herds. "  Substernatur  is  equivalent  to 
substernas,  having  as  its  implied  subject  the  indefinite  you,  any- 
body. It  should  be  remembered  that  the  second  singular,  if  used 
indefinitely,  is  normally  in  the  potential  subjunctive,  not  in  the 
indicative;  cf.  Lane  1550. 

Plaut.  Poen.  533  curratur  =  curras;  cf.  bibas,  edas  534. 
Cato  de  Agr.  5.  7  substernatur  —  substernas;  cf.  conficias. 
Cato  de  Agr.  14.  i  iussitur  =  iubeas;  cf.  locabis. 
Cato  de  Agr.  39.  2  cessetur  =  cesses;  cf .  facias. 
Varro  L.  L.  9.  108  transitum  est  =  transieris;  cf.  transieris. 


33 


CHAPTER  III  8. 

THE  ACTOR  INDEFINITE  IN  THE  THIRD  PERSON 
SINGULAR 

In  this  class  are  placed  those  verbs  which  have  a  third  sing- 
ular indefinite  actor  implied,  as  in  Plaut.  Trin.  65  vivitur.  Me- 
garonides  says,  "edepol  proinde  ut  bene  uiuitur,  diu  uiuitur.  In 
proportion  as  one  lives  a  happy  life,  one  lives  a  long  life. "  Here 
vivitur  is  equivalent  to  vivit  and  has  homo  (meaning  any  one  of 
the  race  of  men)  for  its  implied  subject.  In  negative  expres- 
sions, usually,  the  indefinite  is  singular  as  Caes.  B.  G.  2.  17.  4  "ut 
instar  muri  hae  saepes  munimentum  praeberent  quo  non  modo 
non  intrari  sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset.  So  that  these  hedges 
presented  a  fortification  like  a  wall,  through  which  (no  one) 
could  enter  nor  even  penetrate  with  the  eye."  The  subject  of 
Posset  is  felt  to  be  singular  indefinite  rather  than  plural  indefinite. 
Plaut.  Bacch.  544  ne  invideatur  —  ne  <quisquam>  invideat;  cf. 

nullus  543. 
Plaut.  M.  G.  758  adpositumst  =  <aliquis>    adposuit;  cf.  iube, 

tolle  759. 

Plaut.  Trin.  65  vivitur,  vivitur  =  <homo>  vivit,  <homo>  vivit. 
Ter.  And.  501  renuntiatumst  =  <aliquis>  renuntiavit. 
Varro  L.  L.  6.  72  neque  agi  potest  —  neque  <  quisquam  >   agere 

potest. 
Varro  L.  L.  8.  31  discessum  est  =  <aliquis>  discessit;  cf.  si  quis 

putat. 
Caes.  B.  G.  I.  31.  2  enuntiatum  esset  =   <quisquam>  enuntia- 

visset. 
Caes.  B.  G.  2.  17.  4  non  intrari,  sed  ne  perspici  quidem  posset  — 

non  <quisquam>  intrare,  sed  ne  perspicere  quidem  posset. 
Caes.  B.  G.  3.  3.  2  neque  veniri  <posset>  =  neque  <quisquam> 

venire    <  posset.  > 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  9.  5  nuntiari  posset  =  <quisquam>  nuntiare  pos- 
set. 

Nep.  1 8.  9.  4  praenuntialum  esse  —  <aliquem>  praenuntiavisse. 

34 


CHAPTER  III  9. 

THE  ACTOR   INDEFINITE   IN   THE  THIRD  PERSON 

PLURAL 

In  this  class  are  placed  those  verbs  which  have  an  indefinite 
actor  logically  implied  in  the  third  plural;  as  Plaut.  Amph. 
942  reventum  est.  Jupiter  says  in  lines  938-42  "nam 
in  hominum  aetate  multa  eveniunt  huius  modi;  capiunt 
voluptates,  capiunt  rusunv  miserias ;  irae  interveniunt,  redeunt 
rusum  in  gratiam,  verum  irae  si  quae  forte  eveniunt  huius 
modi  inter  eos,  rusum  si  reventum  in  gratiam  est,  etc.  For 
in  the  life  of  mortals  many  things  of  this  nature  happen;  now  they 
take  their  pleasures,  again  they  meet  with  hardships.  Quarrels 
intervene,  again  they  (mortals)  become  friends.  But  if,  by 
chance,  any  quarrels  of  this  nature  happen  between  them,  then 
if  they  have  become  friends  again,  etc."  Reventum  est  is  equi- 
valent to  revenerunt  which  has  for  its  implied  indefinite  subject 
homines,  as  is  shown  by  hominum. 
Plaut.  Amph.  942  reventum  est  =  <  homines  >  revenerunt;  cf. 

hominum    938. 

Plaut.  Cure.  679  argentariis  male  credi  qui  aiunt  =  <  homines  > 
argentariis  male  credere  qui  aiunt.  Credi  is  equivalent  to 
credere  which  has  for  its  implied  subject  men  or  people. 
"Those  who  say  it  is  bad  that  <people>  trust  bankers," 
etc. 

Plaut.  Cure.  680  credi  dico  =  <  homines  >  credere  dico;  credi  is 
equivalent  to  credere,  which  has  a  third  plural  indefinite 
subject  men  implied.  "I  say  it  is  both  good  and  bad  <for 
men>  to  trust  <  bankers  >"  is  the  meaning  of  nam  et  bene 
et  male  credi  dico. 

Plaut.  Most.  235  estur,  bibitur  —  <  homines  >  edunt,  bibunt;  cf. 
neque  quisquam  parsimoniam  adhibet  236,  showing  that  more 
than  one  person  is  doing  the  eating  and  drinking. 
Plaut.  Rud.  271  veniri  solet  =  <  homines  >  venire  solent. 
Plaut.  True.  746  invidetur  —  <  homines  >  invident;  cf.  invident. 
Ter.   Eun.  348  conclamatumst  =    <  homines  >   conclamaverunt. 
Ter.  Heaut.  154  vivitur  =  <  homines  >  vivunt. 

35 


36  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

Ter.  Hec.  315  trepidari,  cur  sari  —  <  homines  >  trepidare,  cursare. 

Varro  L.  L.  5.  47  itur  =  <  homines  >  eunt. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  16  sacrificatur  =  <  homines  >  sacrificant. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  24  exitur  =  <  homines  >  exeunt. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  25  sacrificatur  —  <  homines  >  sacrificant. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  34  parentetur  =  <  homines  >  parentent. 

Varro  L.  L.  7.  32  dubitatur  =  <  homines  >  dubitant. 

Varro  L.  L.  8.  14  dicitur  =  <homines>  dicunt. 

Varro  L.  L.  10.  80  erratur  —  <  homines  >  errant. 

Varro  R.  R.  i.  2.  4  posse  navigari  =  < homines >  posse  navigare. 

Varro  R.  R.  I.  16.  6  navigari,  evehi,  invehi  possit  —  < homines > 

navigare,  evehere,  invehere  possent. 

Varro  R.  R.  3.  i.  2  did  possit  =  < homines >  dicer e  possint. 
Caes.  B.  C.  I.  6*j.2conclamatumesset  =  <quidam>  conclamavis- 

sent. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  96.  4  dicebatur  =  <  homines  >  dicebant. 
Caes.  B.  G.  7.  36.  2  despici  poterat  =  <  homines  >  despicere  po- 

terant. 

(Caes.)  B.  G.  8.  7.  7  diceretur  =  <homines>  dicerent. 
Lucr.  5.  1 8  non  poterat  vivi  =  <mortales>  non  poterant  vivere;  cf. 

mortales   15. 

Sail.  Cat.  2.  8  siletur  =  <  homines  >  silent. 
Sail.  Jug.  5.  i  itum  est  =  <homines>  ierunt. 
Nep.  6.  4.  i  perlatum  esse  =  <  homines  >  pertulisse. 
Nep.  10.  9.  5  dictum  est  =  <  homines  >  dixerunt. 
Nep.  10.  10.2  factum  est  =  <homines>  fecerunt. 
Nep.  25.  14.  i  cenatum  est  =  <  homines  >  cenaverunt;  cf.  convivae. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  AGENT  NOT  EXPRESSED  BUT  UNDERSTOOD 
FROM  THE  VERB 

In  this  group  are  placed  those  impersonals  whose  subjects  are 
neither  expressed  nor  implied  in  the  context,  yet  are  known  be- 
cause the  verb  itself  immediately  calls  up  the  person  or  persons 
upon  whom  this  duty  devolves;  as  Cato  deAgr.  150.  i  interkalatum 
erit  is  equivalent  to  <pontifices>  inter kalaverint.  It  was  the 
duty  of  the  pontifices  to  regulate  the  calendar.  In  Caes.  B.  C. 
I.  I.  i  referr etur  =  < consul >  referret.  To  refer  matters  to  the 
senate  was  the  consul's  business.  This  group  has  been  divided 
into  two  classes:  the  first  contains  those  verbs  which  have  a 
singular  subject  implied  for  their  active  equivalent,  the  second 
class  includes  those  verbs  which  have  a  plural  subject  implied. 
These  active  verbs,  whether  singular  or  plural,  have  their  im- 
plied subjects  in  the  third  person. 

I.  Third  Singular. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  i.  i.  referretur  =  < consul >  referret. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  2.  2.  non  oportere  referri  =  non  oportere   <consu- 

lem>  referre. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  2.  7  refertur  =  < consul >  refert. 
Caes.  B.  C.  i.  6.  3  refertur,  refertur  =  < consul >  refert,  refert. 
Sail.  Cat.  48.  5  referatur  —  <consul>  referat. 
Sail.  Cat.  51.  21  animadvorteretur  —  <  praetor  >  animadvorteret. 
Sail.  Jug.  28.  3  nuntiari  iubet  —  <nuntium>  nuntiare  iubet. 

II.  Third  Plural. 

Cato  de  Agr.  150.  I  interkalatum  erit  —  <  pontifices  >  interka- 

laverint. 

Varro  L.  L.  6.  13  inter calatur  —  <  pontifices  >  inter calant. 
(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  40.  5  cani  iussisset  =  iussisset  <cornicines  tubi- 

cinesque>  canere;  cf.  comment  on  B.  G.  7.  47.  I  below. 
Caes.  B.  C.  3.  75.  2  conclamari  —  <  the  proper  officials  >  conclam- 

are. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  47.  i  cani  —  iussit  (cornicines  tubicinesque)  canere. 
Cani  in  B.  Afr.  40.  5  and  here  may  mean  that  Caesar  ordered 
<  the  instruments  >  to  be  sounded.  In  that  case  cani  would  not 
belong  in  this  group,  since  there  is  an  implied  subject  of  the  pass- 
ive, but  would  be  an  ordinary  passive;  as  in  B.  C.  3.82.  i  classi- 
cumque  apud  eum  cani  .  .  .  iubet. 

37 


CHAPTER  V 

IMPERSONALS  WITH  EXPRESSED  AGENT 

This  class  of  verbs,  which  is  here  called    "  Impersonal   with 

Expressed  Agent, "  includes  those  verbs  which  have  their  log- 
ical subject  expressed  by  the  ablative,  or  dative  of  agent,  or 

otherwise.     This  construction  is  used  to  make  the  action  prom- 
inent, while  the  actor  is  secondary,  but  not  left  to  inference. 

Plaut.  Amph.  219  utrimque  exitum  est;  utrimque  =   ab  utrisque 
and  is  an  expressed  agent. 

Plaut.  Bacch.  295  factum  a  vobis. 

Plaut.  Cas.  394  a  me  factum. 

Plaut.  M.  G.  561  a  me  factum  esse. 

Plaut.  Poen.  805  factum  a  vobis. 

Ter.  Ad.  662  factum  a  vobis. 

Ter.  Heaut.  158  peccatum  a  me  est. 

Ter.  Heaut.  249  factum  a  nobis  est. 

Ter.  Hec.  624  abs  te  est  factum. 

Ter.  Phorm.  1001  factumst  abs  te. 

(Caes.)  B.  Afr.  18.  4  ab  hostibus  pugnaretur  nee  comminus  ad 
manus  rediretur. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  19.  6  pugnabatur  a  nobis. 

(Caes.)   B.  Alex.   39.  2  utrimque  processum  est;  utrimque  =  ab 
utroque. 

(Caes.)  B.  Alex.  62.  3  pugnatur  utrimque;  utrimque  =  ab  utroque. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  26.  i  utrimque  pugnabatur;  utrimque  =  ab  utrisque. 

Caes.  B.  C.  I.  57.  3  pugnatum  est  utrimque;  utrimque  =  ab  utris- 
que. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  67.  i  disputatur  a  Petreio  atque  Afranio. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  14.  i  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  93.  I  concurri  a  Pompeianis. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  93.  i  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  100.  i  factum  a  Libone. 

Caes.  B.  G.  i.  22.  3  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare. 

Caes.  B.  G.  I.  50.  3  utrimque  pugnatum  est;  utrimque  =   ab  utro- 
que. 

Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  4  pugnatum  ab  hostibus  est. 

38 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  39 

Caes.  B.  G.  2.  33.  4  a  viris  fortibus  pugnari  debuit. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  18.  6  ab  Us  erat  provisum. 

Caes.  B.  G.  3.  25.  i  ab  hostibus  pugnaretur. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  23.  2  a  quibus  administratum  esset. 

Caes.  B.  G.  4.  26.  i  pugnatum  est  ab  utrisque. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  6.  i  ab  nobis  dictum  est. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  30.  i  a  Co tta  primisque  ordinibus  resisteretur. 

Caes.  B.  G.  5.  40.  3  ab  nostris  resistitur. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  16.  3  ab  nostris  occurrebatur . 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  47.  2  erat  a  Caesar e  praeceptum. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  70.  i  ab  utrisque  contenditur. 

Lucr.  5.  1149  concessumst  legibus  aequis. 

Lucr.  6.  377  turbatur  utrimque;  utrimque  —  ab  utrisque. 

Sail.  Jug.  53.  2  utrimque  concurritur;  utrimque  =  a&  utrisque. 

Sail.  Jug.  67.  2  neque  a  fortissumis  resisti  posse. 

Sail.  Jug.  102.  4  a  Manlio  concessum. 

Sail.  Jug.  107.  i  a  paucis  strenuis  pugnatum. 

Sail.  Jug.  112.  3  ab  omnibus  veniretur. 

Sail.  Jug.  114.  i  ab  ducibus  nostris  pugnatum. 

Nep.  2.  10.  4  apud  plerosque  scriptum  est. 

Nep.  2.  10.  5  legibus  non  concederetur. 


CHAPTER  VI 
SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSION 


Unexpressed 

Pseu- 

Personals  with 

do 

Agent 

Plaut. 

Ter. 

Cato 

Varro 

Caes. 

Caes. 

Lucr. 

Cat. 

Sail. 

Nep. 

Cic. 

i.  First  Singular 

Definite  

31 

13 

i 

7 

54 

2.  Second  Singu- 

lar Definite.  . 

9 

2 

20 

3.  Third  Singular 

Definite  

17 

12 

2 

5 

37 

14 

2 

13 

6 

177 

4.  First  Plural 

Real  

3 

9 

2 

2 

i 

i 

87 

5.  First  Plural 

Editorial.... 

5 

14 

i 

i 

45 

6.  Second  Plural 

Definite  

2 

I 

I 

8 

7.  Third  Plural 

Definite  

5 

3 

2 

103 

29 

2 

IS 

IS 

180 

8.  Second  Singu- 

lar Indefinite 

I 

3 

I 

2 

9.  Third  Singular 
Indefinite.  .  . 

4 

I 

2 

5 

I 

103 

10.  Third  Plural 

Indefinite.  .  . 

7 

4 

13 

3 

i 

I 

2 

4 

112 

ii.  Agent  not  ex- 

pressed but 

definitely  un- 

derstood — 

a.  Third  Singular 

5 

3 

19 

b.  Third  Plural... 

I 

I 

2 

i 

12 

Total 

79 

A  A 

•j 

•an 

172 

46 

2 

•at 

26 

828 

Pages  of  text  exam- 

*r*r 

«sy 

ifU 

99 

ined  (reckoned  ap- 

proximately    with 

Teubner    page    as 

unit)  

983 

280 

IO9 

387 

34O 

158 

227 

116 

121 

124 

4622 

Number  of  Teubner 

pages    per    imper- 

sonal verb  of  this 

type  

12.4 

6.3 

IS-S 

9-9 

1  .9 

3*4 

S6.7 

58 

3.4 

4-7 

5.5 

Impersonal  with 

Agent  Expressed 

5 

5 

21 

5 

2 

6 

2 

80 

40 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  41 

Definite  Indefinite 

Sg.  Plu.  Sg.     Plu. 

Plautus 57  10  57 

Terence 27  12  I           4 

Cato 3  I  30 

Varro 12  II  3         13 

Caesar 42  122  5           3 

Pseudo-Caesar 14  31  o           I 

Lucretius o  3  o           I 

Catullus 2  o  o          o 

Sallust 16  17  o          2 

Nepos.... 6  15  14 

Total T. 179      222  18        35 

In  examples  found  in  the  works  of  authors  other  than  histo- 
rians (Caesar,  Sallust,  Nepos  and  Lucretius)  the  singular  definite 
is  used  more  frequently  than  the  plural  definite.  In  the  histo- 
rians the  plural  definite  is  used  more  often. 

The  singular  indefinite  is  used  on  an  average  less  than  the  plu- 
ral indefinite,  the  ratio  being  about  1:2. 

The  definite  meaning  occurs  more  frequently  than  the  indef- 
inite, the  ratio  being  about  15:  2. 

Plautus,  out  of  79  examples,  uses  31  which  require  a  logically 
implied  subject  in  first  singular  definite,  because  he  uses  dialogue 
requiring  a  first  singular  definite  subject.  This  impersonal  con- 
struction relieves  the  monotony  of  a  too  oft  recurring  first  per- 
son definite. 

Terence,  for  the  same  reason,  uses  for  the  most  part  an  im- 
personal requiring  a  logically  implied  subject  in  first  and  third 
singular  definite. 

Cato,  giving  directions  as  to  farming,  makes  very  little  use  of 
this  impersonal  construction.  Of  the  seven  examples  taken 
from  his  works  three  are  equivalent  to  a  personal  construction 
having  a  second  singular  indefinite  subject. 

One-third  of  the  examples  gathered  from  Varro  require  a  sub- 
ject in  the  third  plural  indefinite  because  Varro  treats  of  gram- 
mar and  of  affairs  pertaining  to  agriculture  and  does  it  in  gen- 
eral or  indefinite  terms.  He  uses  this  impersonal  passive  for  the 
sake  of  variety. 

Caesar  and  Sallust  write  of  war;  consequently  the  greater  num- 
ber of  their  impersonal  verbs  need  subjects  logically  implied  in 


42  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

the  third  person  singular  and  the  third  plural  definite.  To  avoid 
the  too  frequent  use  of  a  personal  subject  they  make  use  of 
this  impersonal  construction. 

Nepos  in  his  "Lives"  is  very  fond  of  this  impersonal  passive, 
having  for  its  active  a  logically  implied  subject  in  the  third  plu- 
ral definite. 

The  lyric  poet  Catullus  and  Lucretius  in  his  philosophical 
poem  make  very  scanty  use  of  this  impersonal  passive.  The 
comic  writers  Plautus  and  Terence,  however,  use  it  very  frequent- 

iy. 

In  conclusion  it  can  be  said: 

( I ) .  Writers  of  the  republican  period  do  not  use  the  impersonal 
passive  of  the  ventum  est  type  so  frequently  as  the  imperial  au- 
thors. The  writers  of  the  empire  continued  to  make  use  of  this 
construction,  as  is  shown  by  Tacitus,  who  gives  us  one  example, 
approximately,  for  every  3.4  pages,  Juvenal,  one  example  for 
every  n.8  pages,  Horace,  one  for  every  25.5  pages,  and  Sueton- 
ius, one  for  every  2.5  pages. 

(2).  This  idiom  is  used  most  frequently  by  historians  of  this 
(republican)  period;  Caesar,  Sallust,  and  Nepos. 

(3).  It  is  not  popular  with  the  poets  of  this  age,  except  the 
writers  of  comedy. 

(4).  In  republican  times,  the  impersonal  passive  of  the  ven- 
tum est  type  was  commonly  equivalent  to  an  active,  having  a 
definite  subject  implied  in  the  context.  In  this  investigation, 
four  hundred  fifty-four  examples  have  been  cited;  four  hundred 
one  of  these  show  a  definite  doer  for  the  active  equivalent,  only 
fifty-three  show  an  indefinite  agent  implied  for  the  equivalent 
active. 


APPENDIX  I 


EXCURSUS  ON  CAESAR 

A  table  follows,  showing  how  often  Caesar  and  pseudo-Caesar 
make  use  of  a  first  singular,  a  first  plural,  and  an  impersonal  con- 
struction of  verbs  of  saying,  thinking,  believing,  naming,  show- 
ing etc. 

FIRST  PLURAL 

pseudo-Caesar 


Caesar 


(i) 
(i) 
(i) 


confidamus  B.  C.  2.4.4 
consuevimus  B.  G.  5.1.2 
credimus  B.  C.  2.27.2 
demonstravimus  B.  C.  1.31.2,  3.4.6, 

3.10.1,  3.56.1,  3.58.1,  3.62.3,  3. 
66.2,  3-67-5,  3-68.2,  3.79-6,  3.84. 
3,  3.894,  3.100-1;     B.  G.  2.1. i, 

2.22.1,  5.2.2,  5.3.1,  5-I9-I,  5-22.1, 

5.49.2,  5-56.3,  6.8.9,  6.29.1,  6.34. 

i,  6.35.3,  7-37-1,  7.48.1,  7.70.1, 

7.76.1,  7.79-2,  7.83.8,  7-85-4-  (32) 
dixeramus  B.  G.  2.1.1,  2.28.1  (2) 
diximus  B.  G.  3.5.2,  3.15.1,  3.26.3, 

4.4.1,  7.17.1,  7.23.2,  7.58.3  (7) 
docuimus  B.  C.  3.80.2,  3.84.5,  3.88. 

3;  B.  G.  6.2.1,  6.35.5,  6.40.4  (6) 
existimavimus  B.  G.  7.25.1.  (i) 
exterreamur  B.  C.  2.4.4  (J) 

meminimus  B.  C.  3.108.2  (i) 

mentionem  fecimus  B.  C.  3.99.2,  B. 

G.  6.38.1  (2) 

nominavimus  B.  G.  2.18.1  (i) 

ostendimus  B.  G.  3.10.1  (i) 

putamus  B.  C.  3.17.1  (i) 

reperiebamus  B.  C.  3-53-1,  3-57-5; 

B.  G.  5-13-4  (3) 

scripsimus  B.  G.  2.29.1  (i) 

sentimus  B.  C.  2.27.2  (i) 

speramus  B.  C.  2.27.2  (i) 

utimur  B.  G.  5.1.2  (i) 

videbamus  B.  G.  5.13.4  (i) 

volumus  B.  C.  2.27.2  (i) 

Total  67 


audiebamus  B.  Alex.  74.3  (i) 

demonstravimus  B.  Afr.  24.1,  34.1, 
74.1;  B.  Alex.  28.2;  B.  H.  20.3, 
25.7,  28.4,  31.4,  34.6,  39.1, 
40.1.  (n) 

docuimus  B.  Afr.  55.1;  B.Alex. 33. 
2  (2) 

scripsimus  B.  Alex.  69.2,  78.2;  B.  H. 

4-2,  5-2  (4) 

Total  1 8. 


43 


44 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


FIRST  SINGULAR 


Caesar 


commemoram  B.  G.  4.16.2, 4.17.1  (2) 
demonstraveram  B.  G.  4.27.2  (i) 
demonstravi  B.  C.  3.15.6  (i) 

dixeram  B.  G.  2.24.1  (i) 

Total  5 


pseudo-Caesar 

arbitror  B.  Afr.  7.4;  59.1  (2) 

commemoravi  B.  Afr.  41.3, 48.2, 73.1, 

80.3;  B.  G.  8.47-2  (5) 

demonstravi  B.  Alex.  30.5  (i) 

dixi  B.  Afr.  32.1,  51.6,  69.4  (3) 

docui  B.  Afr.  38.1,  38.2,  B.  G.  8.10. 

4,  8.19.2,  8.44.3  (5) 

existimavi  B.  G.  8.48.10  (i) 

nominavi  B.  Afr.  96.2  (i) 

ordiar  B.  Afr.  60. 1  (i) 

perveniam  B.  Afr.  60. 1  (i) 

scio  B.  G.  8.48.10  (i) 

scripsi  B.  Alex.  35.3,  B.  G.  8.44.4 

(2) 

statui  B.  G.  8.48.11  (i) 

Total  24. 


IMPERSONALS 


demonstratum  est  B.  Alex.  4.1,  B.  G. 
8.4.4. 

Total      2. 


auditum  erat  B.  C.  2.38.3  (i) 

cognitum  est  B.  C.  3.86.1 ;  B.  G.  2.17. 

2  (2) 

demonstratum  est  B.  C.  1.39.1,  1.48. 

3,  1.56.2,  2.28.1,  2.34.1,  2.42.5, 

3-6.3,  3-  IS-  i.  3-39.1,  3.62.1,  B. 

G.  4.28.1.  (n) 

dictum  est  B.  G.  1.16.2,  1.49.3,  3.20. 

!•  4.35.1  (4) 

perventum  est  B.  G.  6.11.1  (i) 

videtur  B.  G.  7.5.6  (i) 

Total  20. 

Of  these  twenty-two  impersonals  four  have  indirect  discourse 
as  subject:  demonstratum  est  B.  C.  2.  28.  i,  2.  42.  2,  B.  G.  8.  4. 
3;  videtur  B.  G.  7.  5.  6. 


OBSERVATIONS 

1.  Caesar  uses  more  than  three  times  as  many  first  plurals 
as  pseudo-Caesar,  67  :i8. 

2.  Pseudo-Caesar  uses  more  than  four  times  as  many  first 
singulars  as  Caesar,  24  15. 

3.  Caesar  uses  ten  times  as  many  impersonals  as  pseudo- 
Caesar,  20:2. 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  45 

4.  Since  Caesar  uses  67  first  plurals  to  5  first  singulars,  or 
13  times  as  many,  his  impersonals  should  be  interpreted  as  first 
plurals  rather  than  first  singulars.  Pseudo-Caesar  uses  eighteen 
first  plurals  to  twenty-four  first  singulars.  These  impersonals 
of  his  may  be  interpreted  as  first  singulars  or  first  plurals. 


APPENDIX   II 

DOUBTFUL  READINGS 

Those  passages  which  have  various  textual  readings  have  been 

listed.  The  text  is  uncertain ;  therefore  they  have  not  been  in- 
cluded in  the  discussion. 

Plaut.  M.  G.  iqogfactumst.  One  Ms.  has  the  reading  factum  est, 
while  another  reads  factus  est. 

Plaut.  True.  127  cenetur,  Ms.  Ambrosianus  has  cena  detur,  Pal- 
atinus  reads  centur. 

Ter.  And.  451  obsonatum  est.  This  is  the  reading  of  the  Vatica- 
nus  Ms. ;  obsonatus  est  is  another  reading.  The  latter  reading 
is  strongly  favored  by  the  context. 

Caes.  B.  C.  i.  86.  4  noceatur.  ne  cui  de  his  noceatur  is  the  read- 
ing of  one  Ms.  Another  reads  ne  quid  eis  noceatur. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  16.  4  componeretur  has  componerentur  for  a  variant 
reading. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  18.  3  visum  est,  reversus  est  and  rursus  are  the  dif- 
ferent readings  for  this  passage. 

Caes.  B.  C.  3.  24.  2  imperatum  est  is  a  reading  given  by  only  one 
text,  that  of  Kiibler.  It  has  no  Ms.  authority. 

Caes.  B.  G.  7.  79.  3  concurritur;  $  group  of  Mss.  has  concurritur, 
the  a  group  has  concurrunt.  The  latter  seems  to  be  the 
better  reading. 

Lucr.  2.  94  probatumst.  The  Ms.  readings  of  this  passage  are 
ostendi  .  .  probatumst  and  ostendit  .  .  probatumst. 
The  latter  makes  spatium  the  subject  of  probatumst. 


46 


APPENDIX  III 

NOTES  ON  RELINQUITUR,  SITUM  EST,  ACTUM 
EST,  ETC. 

relinquitur,  although  an  impersonal  passive  in  Varro  L.  L.  10. 
30,  R.  R.  2.  2.  20,  2.  3.  9,  2.  9.  i,  has  not  been  classed  with 
the  ventum  est  group.  It  is  equivalent  to  restat  or  to  super- 
est, and  has  been  considered  as  an  impersonal  of  the  third 
type,  a  classification  to  which  restat  and  superest  belong. 
In  Varro  R.  R.  3.  16.  i,  relinquitur  has  a  subject.  Usually 
it  is  followed  by  ut,  where  the  ^/-clause  is  subject;  as  in  Caes. 
B.  C.  i.  29.2,  B.  G.  5. 19.  3,  etc. 

In  Plaut.  Stich.  53  est  situm  is  an  impersonal  passive  and  also  is 
equivalent  to  restat  or  superest.  It  has,  therefore,  not  been 
included  in  the  ventum  est  group. 

Actum  est  in  Plaut.  Cist.  685,  actum  siet  Ter.  Heaut.  456, 
actumst  in  Ter.  Eun.  54,  717,  985  and  Heaut.  584  are 
impersonal  passive,  in  form,  but  not  in  meaning.  Ago  in 
its  original  meaning  is  an  active  transitive  verb.  Res  acta 
est,  the  case  is  over  (and  done  for) ;  acta  haec  res  est,  this  mat- 
ter is  ended.  From  this  meaning  arose  the  expression  actum 
est  de  aliqua  re,  it  is  all  over  with  a  person  or  thing.  Every- 
thing is  lost.  The  person  is  utterly  ruined.  Since  actum 
est  is  the  regular  form  meaning  "it  is  all  over,"  it  has  not 
been  included  in  this  study. 

In  Sallust  Cat.  52.  6  agitur  de  vectigalibus  —  vectigalia  agunturt 
vectigalia  is  felt. to  be  the  subject. 

In  Varro  R.  R.  i.  2.  20  non  inigi  is  not  an  impersonal  passive. 
Hoc  nomine  refers  to  caprini  generis,  from  which  a  subject 
is  clearly  implied. 

Plaut.  Cure.  68 1  creditur  has  not  been  included  in  this  study. 
Creditur  may  here  be  an  impersonal  passive  with  an  indef- 
inite implied  subject  in  the  third  singular  as  <homo>  credit, 
cf.  French  on,  German  man,  or  a  third  plural  may  be  its 
implied  indefinite  subject,  as  homines  credunt;  or  it  may 
have  a  word  for  money  as  its  subject,  for  such  a  word  is  the 
subject  of  perit.  The  last  interpretation  seems  the  best. 

47 


INDEX  LOCORUM 


CAESAR 

B.  Afr.      4 

•3 

mandatum  erat 

20 

B.  C. 

1-5 

•4 

decernitur 

20 

6 

.6 

discedebatur 

20 

M 

1.6 

•3 

refertur,  refertur 

37 

18 

•  4 

pugnaretur,  redire- 

41 

1.6 

.6 

feratur 

20 

tur 

38 

"                I 

.24 

•5 

disceptetur 

2O 

19 

•4 

decertatum  est 

20 

"                I 

.26 

.1 

pugnabatur 

38 

26 

•3 

subventum  foret 

26 

"                I 

.26 

•4 

discedatur,    disces- 

3i 

.2 

accederetur 

20 

sum   sit 

27 

40 

•  5 

cani 

37 

"                I 

.26 

•5 

agi 

20 

50 

.  i 

perveniretur 

20 

"                I 

•37 

•3 

imperatum  erat 

20 

61 

.1 

dimicaretur 

26 

"                I 

•39 

.1 

demonstratum  est 

24 

"         82 

-3 

pugnari 

20 

"                I 

•41 

•3 

dimicaretur 

27 

88 

•  7 

imperatum  erat 

20 

"                I 

•43 

•5 

contenditur 

27 

B.  Alex,     i 

•  5 

succurri 

20 

"                I 

•45 

.6 

pugnabatur 

27 

"               2 

•3 

pugnaretur 

26 

"                I 

.46 

.1 

pugnatum  esset 

27 

"               2 

•  5 

visum  est 

26 

"                I 

.46 

•3 

pugnatum  est 

27 

4 

.  i 

demonstratum  est 

24 

"                I 

•47 

•4 

pugnatum  est 

27 

9 

.2 

occursum  est 

20 

"                 I 

•48 

•3 

demonstratum  est 

24 

14 

.1 

ventum  est 

20 

"                I 

•56 

.2 

demonstratum  est 

24 

15 

•7 

discessum  est 

26 

"                I 

•57 

•3 

pugnatum  est 

38 

16 

•5 

decertatum  est 

27 

"                I 

•58 

.2 

ventum  erat 

27 

19 

.6 

pugnabatur 

38 

"                I 

•67 

.1 

veniri,disputatur27t38 

25 

•5 

ventum  esset 

27 

"                I 

•67 

.2 

exiri,  conclamatum 

29 

•  3 

certaretur 

27 

esset                 27, 

36 

44                   »j 

.  i 

pugnabatur 

27 

"                 I 

.69 

•  4 

conclamatur 

27 

44                   -  _ 

.2 

ventum  est 

27 

"                I 

•71 

.1 

confligeretur 

2O 

39 

.2 

processum  est 

38 

"                 I 

•79 

•  4 

adpropinquatum 

40 

.1 

concurritur,   pug- 

esset 

27 

natur 

27 

"                I 

.80 

.1 

pugnatur,     proce- 

46 

3 

concurritur 

27 

ditur 

28 

53 

.1 

concurritur 

27 

"                I 

.80 

•5 

pugnatur 

21 

60 

•5 

confligitur 

27 

I 

.84 

.2 

venitur 

21 

62 

•3 

pugnatur 

27 

"            I. 

85- 

12 

dictum  esset 

21 

63 

•3 

pugnetur 

27 

"                I 

.86 

•3 

disputatum  esset 

28 

75 

•3 

confligitur 

20 

"                I 

•87 

.1 

veniatur 

28 

B.C.     i.i 

.1 

referretur 

37 

"                I 

•87 

•3 

postulatum  est 

28 

1.2 

.2 

referri 

37 

41 

2.9 

•  9 

visum  est 

28 

1.2 

•7 

refertur 

37 

"         2 

.16 

.2 

noceri 

28 

"         1-4 

.1 

resistitur 

27 

"         2 

.22 

•  5 

imperatum  est 

21 

1.5-3 

decurritur,  disces- 

11        2 

•25 

•  7 

imperatum  est 

21 

sum  est 

20 

"         2 

•31 

•  4 

credi 

24 

48 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


49 


B.C. 

2-34 

.  i 

demonstratum  est 

24 

ii 

2 

•38 

•  3 

auditum  erat 

25 

ii 

3-6 

.1 

perventum  esset 

28 

44 

36 

.2 

demonstratum  est 

24 

44 

3 

•14 

.  I 

praeceptum  erat 

38 

44 

3 

•15 

.1 

demonstratum  est 

24 

44 

3 

.16 

•4 

discederetur 

28 

44 

3 

.16 

•5 

rediri 

28 

44 

3 

•19 

•  5 

ventum  esset 

28 

(1 

3 

.26 

•5 

itum  est 

28 

44 

3 

•33 

.1 

ventum  esset 

21 

44 

3 

•37 

•3 

contenderetur 

28 

44 

3 

•39 

.1 

demonstratum  est 

24 

44 

3 

•52 

.1 

pugnatum  est,  suc- 

curri 

28 

44 

3 

.62 

.1 

demonstratum  est  • 

24 

44 

3 

•63 

.2 

dimicaretur,  resist!  28 

44 

3 

•67 

•  5 

pugnatum  est 

28 

44 

3 

.72 

•3 

dimicatum 

28 

44 

3 

•72 

•4 

offensum  esset 

21 

44 

3 

•75 

.2 

conclamari 

37 

44 

3 

•75 

•4 

ventum  esset 

21 

44 

3 

.80 

•3 

succurratur 

28 

44 

3 

•85 

•3 

dimicari 

21 

44 

3 

.86 

.1 

cognitum  est 

28 

44 

3 

.86 

•3 

accessum  sit 

28 

44 

3 

.87 

•  7 

discessum  est 

28 

44 

3 

•93 

.1 

concurri,    praecep- 

tum erat 

38 

44 

3 

•93 

•  3 

imperatum  erat 

21 

44 

3 

.96 

•4 

dicebatur 

36 

44 

3- 

100 

.1 

factum 

38 

44 

3- 

109 

.1 

ageretur 

28 

44 

3- 

in 

.2 

pugnatum  est 

28 

44 

3- 

in 

•3 

pugnabatur 

28 

44 

3- 

in 

•  5 

actum  est,  agi 

28 

44 

3- 

112 

•7 

pugnatum  est,  dis- 

cederetur 

29 

B.C. 

.16 

2 

dictum  est 

24 

ii 

.22 

•  3 

praeceptum  erat 

38 

44 

.26 

.  i 

pugnatum  est 

29 

44 

.26 

.2 

pugnatum  sit 

29 

44 

.26 

•3 

pugnatum  est 

29 

44 

.26 

•4 

pugnatum  esset 

29 

44 

•30 

-5 

mandatum  esset 

29 

44 

•31 

.2 

enuntiatum  esset 

34 

44 

•43 

.2 

dictum  erat 

29 

44 

•43 

•4 

ventum  est 

29 

B.C. 


1.44.8 

1-49-3 

1.50.3 

1.52.4 

2.6.1 

2.9.1 

2. 10. i 

2.11.4 

2. II. 6 

2.17.2 
2.17.4 

2.20.1 
2.32.4 
2.33.2 
2.33-3 
2-33-4 


3-3-2 

3-5-1 

3.14-1 

3-15-4 


18.6 


3.20.1 
3.21.1 
3.22.4 
3-23-2 
3.24.5 
3.25.1 
3.26.2 
4.8.1 
4.11.1 
4.I3.5 

4.23.2 

4.26.1 
4.28.1 

4.3I.3 

4-35-1 

5-3-3 

5-6.1 

5.7.9 

5-8.5 

5.16.1 

5.19.3 
5.25.5 
5.26.1 


concedi  24 

dictum  est  24 

pugnatum  est  38 

pugnatum  est  29 

sustentatum  est  29 
contendebatur  29 
pugnatum  est  29 

ventum  erat  29 

imperatum  erat  21 
cognitum  est  29 

intrari,  perspici  34 
concurri  29 

perspectum  est  29 
intellectum  est  29 
concursum  est  29 
pugnari,  pugna- 
tum est  38, 39 
veniri  34 
pugnaretur  29 
noceri 
pugnaretur 
provisum  erat 
dictum  est 
pugnatum  est 
pugnatum  esset 
ventum  erat 
exspectari,  iretur, 
pugnaretur 
imperatum  erat 
visum  est 
constitutum  erat 
dicebatur,  dictum 


21 
29 
39 
24 
29 
29 

21 
29 

39 

21 
21 
21 

29 

administratum    es- 
set 39 
pugnatum   est         39 
ventum   est,   dem- 
onstratum est  21, 24 


navigan 
dictum  est 
cognitum  est 
dictum  est 
imperatum  erat 
accessum  sit 
dimicaretur 
discedi 
perventum 
ventum  est 


21 

24 
21 

39 

21 
21 
29 
29 
30 
30 


50 

A  Study  of  th 

\e  Impersonal 

E.G.   5-30.1 

resisteretur 

39 

E.G.      8.7.7     diceretur 

36 

u 

5-31.1 

consurgitur 

30 

"       8  .  i  o  .  2     contendebatur 

31 

«i 

5-31.5 

maneatur 

30 

"       8.12.5     dimicari 

3i 

n 

5-35-5 

pugnaretur 

30 

"       8.19.3     pugnatur 

3i 

II 

5-40.3 

resistitur 

39 

"       8.23.5     ventum  esset 

3i 

<< 

5-44-3 

pugnaretur 

30 

"       8.27.5     praeceptum  erat 

21 

u 

5-45-5 

cognoscitur 

21 

11       8.29.1     dimicaretur 

31 

M 

5-47-3 

imperatum  erat 

21 

"       8.48.3     contenderetur 

31 

II 

5.48.7 

praeceptum  erat 

21 

B.  H.        ii.  2     pugnatum  est 

31 

« 

5-50.5 

concursari,  agi 

30 

J3  •  7     pugnatum  est 

31 

i< 

5-56.1 

veniri 

30 

I5-5     pugnari 

31 

II 

5-58.3 

visum  est 

30 

23.8     pugnatum  est 

31 

u 

6.  ii.  i 

perventum  est 

24 

27.6     ventum  esset 

21 

it 

6.13.7 

interdictum  est 

30 

33  .  2     ventum  esset 

31 

u 

6.19-3 

compertum  est 

30 

35  .  i     ventum  esset 

21 

II 

6.30.1 

imperatum  est 

21 

CATO 

II 

6-34-7 

noceretur 

21 

<i 

6-37.6 

trepidatur 

30 

de  Agr.         5  .  7     substernatur 

33 

u 

6-43-4 

ventum  est 

21 

14.1     iussitur 

33 

u 

7-2-3 

disceditur 

30 

39  .  2     cessetur 

33 

u 

7.4.2 

concurritur 

30 

118     scriptum  est 

16 

u 

7-9-S 

nuntiari 

34 

144.3     conductum  erit, 

20 

u 

7-15-3 

deliberatur 

30 

locatum     erit 

20 

11 

7.16.3 

iretur,  occurreba- 

"          150.1     interkalatum  erit 

37 

tur                   30, 

39 

CATULLUS 

11 

7.24.4 

occurreretur 

30 

II 

u 

7.25.1 
7.28.1 

pugnaretur 
veniretur 

30 
30 

39  .  2     ventum  est 
39  .  5     lugetur 

21 
21 

ii 

7.35.5 

perventum 

30 

LUCRETIUS 

11 

7.36.2 

despici 

36 

2  .  962     decursum  siet 

31 

7.36.7 

veniri 

21 

3  .  598     trepidatur 

31 

7.47.1 

cani 

37 

5.18     vivi 

36 

U 

7.47.2 

praeceptum   erat 

39 

5  .  1  149     concessumst 

39 

7.49.1 

pugnari 

30 

6  .  32     occurri 

24 

1  1 

7.50.1 

pugnaretur 

30 

6.377     turbatur 

39 

ll 

7.61.1 

ventum    esset 

21 

M 

7-61.3 

tumultuari 

30 

NEPOS 

" 

7.67.2 

pugnatur 

30 

1.4.5     desperari 

32 

ll 

7.70.1 

contenditur 

39 

1.4.5     dimicari 

32 

II 

7.70.6 

veniri 

30 

2.10.4    scriptum  est 

39 

11 

7.76.5 

pugnaretur 

30 

2.10.5     concederetur 

39 

ll 

7.80.6 

pugnaretur 

30 

4.3.7     iudicari 

32 

ll 

7.84.2 

pugnatur,     concur- 

6.1.2    factum  est 

22 

ritur 

3i 

6.3.5     iudicatum  f  oret 

32 

ll 

7-85.4 

laboratur 

3i 

6.4.1     perlatum  esse 

36 

ll 

7.87.1 

pugnaretur 

3i 

8.3.3     reditum  erat 

32 

ll 

8.1.2 

resisti 

3i 

10.9.5     dictum  est 

36 

ll 

8.7.2 

demigratum  esse 

3i 

10.10.2     factum  est 

36 

A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


14-8-3 
14.11.1 

15-3.3 
15-8 
16.4 
17.2 

18.4 
18.7.3 

18.8.4 
18.9.4 
18.9.5 
18.9.5 
19.4.1 

20.3.5 
25.2.4 

25.14-1 


pugnatum  erat 
conveniretur 
disputaretur 
reditum  est 
dimicatum  est 
dimicari 
pugnatum  esset 
conveniretur,     delibe- 

raretur 
perveniri 

praenuntiatum  esse 
imperatum  erat 
auditum  esse 
perventum  est 
decretum  sit 
dictum  esset 
cenatum  est 

PLAUTUS 


Amph.  219  exitum  est 

"       700  factum  est 

"       749  factumst 

942  reventum  est 

As.        259  impetritum,     inaugu- 

ratumst 

Aul.       527  itur 

Bacch.    43  emeritum  sit 

66  desudascitur 

"       295  factum 

11       447  itur 

544  invideatur 

"       757  accubitum  erit 

Cas.      394  factum 
"       758a  ibitur 

"       813  exitur 

Cist.      519  definitumst 

Cure.    122  dici 

"       336  responsumst 

646  ventum  est 

11       679  credi 

680  credi 

"       714  factum  est 

Men.    533  factum  est 

"       538  curabitur 

"       650  factum 

"       679  factum  est 

"       808  factumst 

964  proventum  est 


visumst  15 

auscultabitur  15 

abibitur  15 

factum  esse  38 

actum  est  19 

desisti  25 

adpositumst  34 

responsumst  19 

factumst  26 

praeceptumst  15 

factum  est  19 

ventumst  19 

estur,  bibitur  35 

dictum  19 

imperatum  est  15 

curabitur  15 

potarier  19 

vivitur  15 
taciturn  erit,  celabi- 

tur  15 

credetur  15 

curratur  33 

postulatumst  18 

factum  38 

bibitur,  estur  26 

dictumst  1 6 

scriptum  est  19 

amatur,  egetur  16 

itur  26 

statur  1 6 

dictumst  1 8 

praedicitur  18 
philosophatum  est         16 

imperatumst  19 

veniri  35 

curatumst  16 

sustentatumst  16 

credetur  16 

sustentatumst  16 

saltatum  est  23 

vivitur  34 

vivitur  34 

mandatum  19 

curatum  18 

actumst  19 

ibitur  1 6 

imperatumst  19 

sisti  i 6 


52 

A  stu&y 

0/1* 

e  Impersona 

I 

True.        9 

ventumst 

23 

Ad.      279 

reddetur 

19 

"       369 

ambulatumst 

18 

41      302 

emergi 

23 

"       667 

ibitur 

16 

474 

ignotumst,  tacitumst, 

746 

invidetur 

35 

creditumst 

19 

SALLUST 

14      508 

defunctum  sit 

19 

Cat.      2.8 

siletur 

36 

44      561 

factum 

16 

"       9-4 

vindicatum  est 

31 

44      631 

cessatum  est 

16 

45.2 

praeceptum  erat 

21 

,'      662 

factum 

38 

48.5 

referatur 

37 

44      958 

factumst 

16 

11     50-5 

ventum  est 

21 

And.      129 

fletur 

23 

"     51-5 

consultum  est 

31 

"       251 

itur 

26 

"   51-21 

animadvorteretur 

37 

501 

renuntiatumst 

34 

4<     55-5 

praeceptum  erat 

22 

Eun.     271 

statur 

16 

"     60.2 

ventum  est 

31 

44       348 

conclamatumst 

35 

"    60.3 

certatur 

31 

"       416 

dictum 

18 

Jug.      5-i 

itum  est 

36 

44       851 

factum 

16 

11     13-8 

consuleretur 

22 

902 

commissum  erit 

18 

"     25.1 

consuleretur 

22 

1066 

dictumst 

16 

"     28.3 

nuntiari 

37 

Heaut.     44 

curritur 

26 

"     29.6 

imperatum  erat 

22 

44       154 

vivitur 

35 

11  31-26 

vindicatum 

24 

44       158 

peccatum  est 

38 

"     52.3 

praeceptum  fuerat 

22 

"       200 

mansum 

19 

11     53-1 

imperabatur 

22 

44       249 

factum  est 

38 

44     53-2 

ventum  est,  concur- 

44       275 

ventum  est 

23 

ritur                     31 

,39 

"       281 

interventum  est 

23 

44   54-10 

subveniretur 

31 

"      568 

factum 

20 

44     58.1 

certatur 

31 

"       628 

factum  est 

20 

"     60.  i 

certabatur 

31 

4<       743 

eatur 

23 

"     62.7 

iussum  erat 

22 

"       862 

inceptumst 

16 

11     67.2 

resisti 

39 

Hec.      315 

trepidari,  cursari 

36 

44     74-3 

certatum 

31 

452 

factum 

16 

44     75-7 

ventum 

22 

457 

creditur 

16 

44     76.5 

ventum  erat 

31 

624 

factum  est 

38 

"     91.1 

ventum  est 

22 

44      843 

visumst 

16 

11     96.1 

dictum  est 

24 

846 

factum 

16 

11  102.4 

concessum 

39 

Phorm.i35 

persuasumst  ,  factumst 

, 

14    105.1 

consuleretur 

31 

ventumst       20,  23 

,23 

"   107.1 

pugnatum 

39 

44       283 

ventumst 

20 

44    107.7 

perventum  est 

32 

402 

dici 

16 

11   108.2 

caveri 

22 

"       640 

pervenirier 

23 

44    109-3 

praeceptum  fuerat 

22 

44      773 

discedi 

23 

44    112.3 

veniretur 

39 

44      778 

siletur 

20 

44    113.2 

veniretur 

32 

"     1001 

factumst 

38 

'    113.6 

dictum  erat,  invadi- 

11     1006 

factumst 

20 

tur 

32 

"       IOIO 

ventumst 

26 

"    114.1 

pugnatum 

39 

VARRO 

TERENCE 

L.L.    5.47 

itur 

36 

Ad.       210 

actum  esse 

16 

"     5-74 

dictum  est 

24 

A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 


53 


L.L.  5.109 

perventum 

17 

L.L.    9.82 

perventum  est 

24 

"5.I7I 

dictum  est 

17 

44     9-92 

responsum  est 

17 

"     6.13 

intercalatur 

37 

9.98 

responderi 

24 

44     6.16 

sacrificatur 

36 

"9.107 

dictum  est 

17 

11     6.24 

exitur 

36 

"9.108 

transitum  est 

33 

11     6.25 

sacrificatur 

36 

44  10.51 

decurritur 

17 

"    6.34 

parentetur 

36 

14  10.80 

erratur 

36 

44     6.72 

agi,  agi 

34,20 

R.  R.I.  2.  4 

navigari 

36 

44     6.94 

itur 

20 

44  1.16.6 

navigari,  evehi,  invehi 

36 

44     7-32 

dubitatur 

36 

44  1-44-3 

dicetur 

23 

41     8.14 

dicitur 

36 

44  2.2.6 

adnumeratum  est, 

"      8.21 

dictum 

17 

agitur                   20, 

23 

44      8.21 

visum  est 

J7 

44  2.4.20 

bucinatum  est 

20 

"  8.31 

discessum  est 

34 

"  2.6.3 

caveri 

26 

44     8-39 

transitum 

26 

44    2.  II.  I 

praedictum  est 

25 

44     9-54 

dicitur 

24 

"3.1.2 

dici 

36 

44     9-76 

transiretur 

24 

"3-8.1 

dictum  est 

20 

INDEX  VERBORUM 

abirc, 

abibitur  Plaut.  Merc.  776 
accedere, 

accederetur,  B.  Afr.  31.2 

accessum  sit  Caes.  B.  C.  3.86.3,  B.  G.  5.8.5 
accumbere, 

accubitum  erit  Plaut.  Bacch.  757 
agere, 

actum  esse  Ter.  Ad.  210 

actum  est  M.  G.  590,  Caes.  B.  C.  3.111.5 

actumst  Plaut.  Trin.  308 

ageretur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.109.1 

agi  Varro  L.  L.  6.72,  6.72,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.5,  3-"  1-5,  B.  G.  5.50.5 

agitur  Varro  R.  R.  2.2.6 
administrare, 

administratum  esset  Caes.  B.  G.  4.23.2 
adnumerare, 

advumeratum  est  Varro  R.  R.  2.2.6 
adponere, 

adpositumst  Plaut.  M.  G.  758 
adpropinquare, 

adpropinquatum  esset  B.  C.  1.79.4 
amare, 

amatur  Plaut.  Pseud.  273 
ambulare, 

ambulalumsl  Plaut.  True.  369 
animadvortere , 

animadvorteretur  Sail.  Cat.  51.21 
audire, 

auditum  erat  Caes.  B.  C.  2.38.3 

auditum  esse  Nep.   18.9.5 
auscultare, 

auscultabitur  Plaut.  Merc.  465 
bibere, 

bibitur  Plaut.  Most.  235,  Poen.  835 
bucinare, 

biicinatum  est  Varro  R.  R.  2.4.20 
canere, 

cani  B.  Afr.  40.5,  Caes.  B.  G.  7.47.1 
cavere, 

caveri  Sail.  Jug.  108.2 

caveri  Varro  R.  R.  2.6.3 
celare, 

celabilur  Plaut.  Pers.  246 

54 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  55 

cenare, 

cenatum  est  Nep.  25.14.1 
certare, 

certabatur  Sail.  Jug.  60. 1 

certaretur  B.  Alex.  29.3 

certatum  Sail.  Jug.  74.3 

certatur  Sail.  Cat.  60.3,  Jug.  58.1 
cessare, 

cessatum  est  Ter.  Ad.  631 

cessetur  Cato  de  Agr.  39.2 
cognoscere, 

cognilum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  3.86.1,  B.  G.  2.17.2,  5.3.3 

cognoscitur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.45.4  *. 
committere, 

commissum  erit  Ter.  Eun.  902 
comperire, 

compertum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  6.19.3 
concedere, 

concederetur  Nep.  2.10.5 

concedi  Caes.  B.  G.  1.44.8 

concessum  Sail.  Jug.  102.4 

concessumst  Lucr.  5.1149 
condamare, 

conclamari  Caes.  B.  C.  3.75.2 

conclamatum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  1.67.2 

conclamatumst  Ter.  Eun.  348 

conclamatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.69.4 
concurrere, 

concurri  Caes.  B.  C.  3.93.1,  B.  G.  2.20.1 

concurritur  B.  Alex.  40.1,  46.3,  53.1,  Caes.  B.  G.  7.4.2,  7.84.2,  Sail.  Jug. 

53-2 
concursare, 

concur  sari  Caes.  B.  G.  5.50.5 

concursum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.33.3 
conducere, 

conductum  erit  Cato  de  Agr.   144.3 
confligere, 

confligeretur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.71.1 

confligitur  B.  Alex.  60.5,  75.3 
constituere, 

constitutum  erat  Caes.  B.  G.  4.11.1 
consulere, 

consuleretur  Sail.  Jug.  13.8,  25.1,  105.1 

consultum  est  Sail.  Cat.  51.5 
consurgere, 

consurg^tur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.31.1 
contendere, 

contendebatur  Caes.  B.  G.  2.9.1,  8.10.2 


56  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

contenderetur  Caes.  B.  C.  3-37.3.  B.  G.  8.48.3 

contenditur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.43-5.  B.  G.  7.70.1 
convemre, 

conveniretur  Nep.  14.11.1,  18.7.3 
credere, 

credetur  Plaut.  Pers.  320,  Stich.  509 

credi  Plaut.  Cure.  679,  680,  Caes.  B.C.  2.31.4 

creditumst  Ter.  Ad.  474 

creditor  Ter.  Hec.  457 
curare, 

curdbitur  Plaut.  Men.  538,  Most.  401 

curatum  Plaut.  Trin.  138 

curatumst  Plaut.  Rud.  776 
currere, 

curratur  Plaut.  Poen.  553 

curritur  Ter.  Heaut.  44 
cursare, 

cur  sari  Ter.  Hec.  315 
decernere, 

decernitur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.5.4 

decretum  sit  Nep.  20.3.5 
decertare, 

decertatum  est  B.  Afr.  19.4,  B.  Alex.  16.5 
decurrere, 

decurritur  Varro  L.  L.  10.51,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.5.3 

decursum  siet,  Lucr.  2.962 
definite, 

definitumst  Plaut.  Cist.  519 
defungi, 

defunctunt  sit  Ter.  Ad.  508 
deliberare, 

deliberatur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.15.3 

deliberaretur  Nep.  18.7.3 
demigrare, 

demigratum  esse  Caes.  B.  G.  8.7.2 
demonstrare, 

demonstratum  est  B.  Alex.  4.1,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.39.1,  1.48.3.  1.56.2,  2.34. 

i,  3.6.2,  3.15.1,  3-39-1.  3.62.1,  E.G.  4.28.1 
desistere, 

desisti  Plaut.  M.  G.  737 
desperare, 

desperari  Nep.  1.4.5 
despicere, 

despici  Caes.  B.  G.  7.36.2 
desudascere, 

desudascitur  Plaut.  Bacch.  66 
dicere, 

dicebatur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.96.4,  B.  G.  4.13.5 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  57 

dicetur  Varro  R.  R.  1.44.3 

dicer -etur  Caes.  B.  G.  8.7.7 

did  Plaut.  Cure.  122,  Ter.  Phorm.  402,  Varro  R.  R.  3.1.2 

dicitur  Varro  L.  L.  8.14,  9.54 

dictum  Plaut.  Most.  260,  Ter.  Eun.  416,  Varro  L.  L.  8.21 

dictum  erat  Caes.  B.  G.  1.43.2,  Sail.  Jug.  113.6 

dictum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  1.16.2,  1.49.3,  3.20.1,  4.35.1,  5.6.1,  Varro  L.  L. 
5.74,  5.171, 9.107,  R.  R.  3.8.1,  Nep.  10.  9.5,  Sail.  Jug.  96.1 

dictum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  1.85.12,  B.G.  4.13.5,  Nep.  25.2.4 

dictumst  Plaut.  Poen  913,  Pseud.  501,  Ter.  Eun.  1066 
dimicare, 

dimicaretur  B.  Afr.  61.1,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.41.3,  3.63.2,  B.  G.  5.16.1, 8.29.1. 

dimicari  Caes.  B.  C.  3.85.3,  B.  G.  8.12.5,  Nep.  1.4.5,  *7-2.i 

dimicatum  Caes.  B.  C.  3.72.3   *• 

dimicatum  est  Nep.  16.4.1 
discedere 

discedebatur  B.  Afr.  6.6 

discedatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.4 

discederetur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.16.4,  3.112.7 

disced*  Caes.  B.  G.  5.19.3,  Ter.  Phorm.  773 

disceditur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.2.3 

discessum  est  B.  Alex.  15.7,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.5.3,  3-87-7,  Varro  L.L.  8  3? 

discessum  sit  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.4 
disceptare, 

disceptetur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.24.5 
disputare, 

disputatum  esset,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.86.3 

disputaretur  Nep.   15.3.3 

disputatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.67.1 
dubitare, 

dubitatur  Varro  L.  L.  7.32 
edere, 

estur  Plaut.  Most.  235,  Poen.  835 
egere, 

egetur  Plaut.  Pseud.  273 
emergere, 

emergi  Ter.  Ad.  302. 
emerere, 

emeritum  sit  Plaut.  Bacch.  43 
enuntiare, 

enuntiatum  esset  Caes.  B.  G.  1.31.2 
errare, 

erratur  Varro  L.  L.  10.80 
evehere, 

evehi  Varro  R.  R.  1.16.6 
exire, 

exiri  Caes.  B.  C.  1.67.2 

exitum  est  Plaut.  Amph.  219 


58  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

exitur  Plaut.  Cas.  813,  Varro  L.  L.  6.24 
exspectare, 

exspectari  Caes.  B.  G.  3.24.5 
facere, 

factum  Caes.  B.  C.  3.100.1,  Plaut.  Bacch.  295,  Cas.  394,  Men.  650,  Poen. 
805,  Ter.  Ad.  561,  662,  Eun.  851,  Heaut.  568,  Hec.  452,  846 

factum  esse  Plaut.  M.  G.  561 

factum  est  Nep.  6.1.2,  10.10.2,  Plaut.  Amph.  700,  Cure.  714,  Men.  533, 
679,  M.  G.  1332,  Ter.  Heaut.  249,  628,  Hec.  624 

factumst  Plaut.  Amph.  749,  Men.  808,  M.  G.  1091,  Ter.  Ad.  958,  Phorm. 

135,  1001,  1006 
ferre, 

feratur  B.  C.  1.6.6 
flere, 

fletur  Ter.  And.  129 
ignoscere, 

ignotumst  Ter.  Ad.  474 
imperare, 

imperabatur  Sail.  Jug.  53.1 

imperatum  erat  B.  Afr.  88.7,  Caes  B.  C.  1.37-3. 3-93-3»  B.G.  2.11.6,  3.26. 
2,  5-  7-9,  547-3.  Nep.  18.9.5,  Sail.  Jug.  29.6 

imperatum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  2.22.5,  2.25.7,  B-  G.  6.30.1,  Plaut.  Most.  314 

imperatumst  Plaut.  Pseud.  1113,  Trin.  600 
impetrire, 

impetritum  Plaut.  As.  259 
inaugurare, 

inauguratumst  Plaut.  As.  259 
incipere, 

inceptumst  Ter.  Heaut.  862 
intellegere, 

intellectum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.33.2 
inter calare, 

intercalatur  Varro  L.  L.  6.13 

interkalatum  erit  Cato  de  Agr.  150.1 
interdicere, 

interdictum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  6.13.7 
inlervenire, 

interventum  est  Ter.  Heaut.  281 
intrare, 

intrari  Caes.  B.  G.  2.17.4 
invadere, 

invaditur  Sail.  Jug.  1 13.6 
invehere, 

invehi  Varro  R.  R.  1.16.6 
invidere, 

invideatur  Plaut.  Bacch.  544 

invidetur  Plaut.  True.  746 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  59 

ire, 

eatur  Ter.  Heaut.  743 

ibitur  Plaut  Cas.  7583,  Trin.  578,  True.  667 

iretur  Caes.  B.  G.  3.24.5,  7.16.3 

itum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  3.26.5,  Sail.  Jug.  5.1 

itur  Plaut.  Aul.  527,  Bacch.  447,  Pseud.  453,  Ter.  And.  251, 

Varro  L.  L.  5.47,  6.94. 
iudicare, 

iudican  Nep.  4.3.7 

iudicatum  foret  Nep.  6.3.5 
iubere, 

iussitur  Cato  de  Agr.  14.1 

iussum  erat  Sail.  Jug.  62.7 
laborare, 

laboratur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.85.4 
locare, 

locatum  erit  Cato  de  Agr.  144.3 
lugere, 

lugetur  Catullus  39.5 
mandare, 

mandatum  Plaut.  Trin.  138 

mandatum  erat  B.  Afr.  4.3 

mandatum  esset  Caes.  B.  G.  1.30.5 
manere, 

maneatur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.31.5 

mansum  Ter.  Heaut.  200 
navigare 

navigari  Caes.  B.  G.  4.31.3,  Varro  R.  R.  1.2.4,  1.16.6 
nocere, 

noceretur  Caes.  B.G.  6.34.7 

noceri  Caes.  B.  C.  2.16.2,  B.  G.  3.14.1 
nuntiare, 

nuntiari  Caes.  B.  G.  7.9.5,  Sail.  Jug.  28.3 
occurrere, 

occurrebatur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.16.3 

occurreretur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.24.4 

occurri  Lucr.  6.32 

occur  sum  est  B.  Alex.  9.2 
offendere, 

ojfensum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  3. 72.4 
parentare, 

parentetui  Varro  L.  L.6-34 
peccare, 

peccatum  est  Ter.  Heaut.  158 
perferre, 

perlatum  esse  Nep.  6.  4.1 
perspicere, 

perspectum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.32.4 

perspici  Caes.  B.  G.  2.17.4 


60  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

persuadere, 

persuasumst  Ter.  Phorm.  135 
pervenire, 

perveniretur  B.  Afr.  50.1 

perveniri  Nep.  18.8.4 

pervenirier  Ter.  Phorm.  640 

perventum  Caes.  B.  G.  5.25.5,  7.35.5 

perventum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  3.6.1 

perventum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  6.11.1,  Nep.  19.4.1,  Sail.  Jug.  107.7. 

Varro  L.  L.  5.109,  9.82 
philosophari, 

philosophatum  est  Plaut.  Pseud.  687 
potare, 

potarier  Plaut.  Most.  958 
postulare, 

postulatum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  1.87.3 

postulatumst  Plaut.  Poen.  756 
praecipere, 

praceptum  erat  Caes.  B.  C.  3.14.1,  3.93.1,  B.  G.  1.22.3,  548.7,  7.472, 
8.27.5,  Sail.  Cat.  45.2,  55-5 

praeceptum  fuerat  Sail.  Jug.  52.3,  109.3 

praeceptumst  Plaut.  M.  G.  1173. 
praedicere, 

praedicitur  Plaut  Pseud.  516 

praedictum  est  Varro  R.  R.  2.11.1 
praenuntiare, 

praenuntiatum  esse  Nep.  18.9.4 
procedere, 

proceditur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.80.1 

processum  est  B.  Alex.  39.2 
provenire, 

proventum  est  Plaut.  Men.  964 
providere, 

provisum  erat  Caes.  B.  G.  3.18.6 
pugnare, 

pugnabatur  B.  Alex.  19.6,  31.1,  Caes.  B.  C.  1.26.1,  1-45-6,  3-HI-3 

pugnarctur  B.  Afr.  18.4,  B.  Alex.  2.3,  Caes.  B.  G.  3.5.1,  3.15.4*  3.25.1, 
5.35.5,  544.3.  7.25.1,  7-50.1,  7.76.5,  7-80.6,  7.87-1 

pugnari  B.  Afr.  82.3,  Caes.  B.  G.  2.33.4,  7.49.1,  B.  H.  15.5 

pugnatum  Sail.  Jug.  107.1,  114.1 

pugnatum  erat  Nep.  14.8.3 

pugnatum  esset  Caes.  B.  C.  1.46.1,  B.  G.  1.26.4,  3.22.4,  Nep.  18.4.1 

pugnatum  est  Caes.  B.  C.  146.3,  1.474,  1.57.3,  3-52.1,  3.67.5,3.111.2, 
3.112.7,  B.  G.  1.26.1,  1.26.3,  1-50.3,  1-524,  2.10.1,  2.33.4,  3.21.1, 
4.26.1,  B.  H.  11.2,  13.7,  23.8 

pugnatum  sit  Caes.  B.  G.  1.26.2 

pugnatur  B.  Alex.  40.1,  62.3,  B.  C.  1.80.1,  1.80.5,  B.  G.  7.67.2,  7.84.2, 

8.19-3 
pugnetur  B.  Alex.  63.3 


A  Study  of  the  Impersonal  61 

reddere, 

reddetur  Ter.  Ad.  279 
redire, 

rediri  Caes.  B.  C.  3.16.5 

reditum  erat  Nep.  8.3.3 

reditum  est  Nep.  15.8.1 

rediretur  B.  Afr.  18.4 
referre, 

referatur  Sail.  Cat.  48.5 

referretur  Caes.  B.  C.  i.i.i 

referri  Caes.  B.  C.  1,2.2 

referiur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.2.7,  I-6-3»  1-6-3 
renuntiare,  ^ 

renuntiatumst  Ter.  And.  501 
resistere, 

resisteretur  Caes.  B.  G.  5.30.1 

resisti  Caes.  B.  C.  3.63.2,  E.G.  8.1.2,  Sail.  Jug.  67.2 

resistitur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.4.1,  B.  G.  5.40.3 
respondere, 

responderi  Varro  L.  L.  9.98 

responsum  est  Varro  L.  L.  9.92 

responsumst  Plaut.  Cure.  336,  M.  G.  1085 
revenire, 

reventum  est  Amph.  942 
sacrificare, 

sacrificatur  Varro  L.  L.  6.16,  6.25 
saltare, 

saltatum  est  Plaut.  Stich.  774 
scribere, 

scriptum  est  Cato  de  Agr.  118,  Nep.  2.10.4,  Plaud.  Pseud.  74 
silere, 

siletur  Ter.  Phorm.  778,  Sail.  Cat.  2.8 
sistere, 

sisti  Plaut.  Trin.  720 
stare, 

statur  Plaut.  Pseud.  457,  Ter.  Eun.  271 
substernere, 

substernatur  Cato  de  Agr.  5.7 
subvemre, 

subveniretur  Sail.  Jug.  54.10 

subventum  foret  B.  Afr.  26.3 
succurrere, 

succurratur  Caes.  B.  C.  3.80.3 

succurri  B.  Alex.  1.5,  Caes  B.  C.  3.52.1 
sustentare, 

sustentatum  est  Caes.  B.  G.  2.6.1 

sustentatumst  Plaut.  Stich.  467,586 


62  A  Study  of  the  Impersonal 

tacere, 

taciturn  erit  Plaut.  Pers.  246 

tacitumst  Ter.  Ad.  474 
transire, 

transiretur  Varro  L.  L.  9.76 

transitum  est  Varro  L.  L.  9.108 

transitum  Varro  L.  L.  8.39 
trepidare, 

trepidari  Ter.  Hec.  315 

trepidatur  Caes.  B.  G.  6.37.6,  Lucr.  3.598 
tumultuare, 

tumulluari  Caes.  B.  G.  7.61.3 
turbare, 

turbatur  Lucr.  6.377 
venire, 

veniatur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.87.1 

veniretur  Caes.  B.  G.  7.28.1,  Sail  Jug.  112.3,  113.2 

veniri  Caes.  B.C.  1.67.1,  E.G.  3.3.2, 5.56.1, 7.36.7, 7.70.6,  Plaut.  Rud.27i 

venilur  Caes.  B.  C.  1.84.3 

ventum  Sail.  Jug.  75.7 

ventum  erat  Caes.  B.  C.  1.58.2,  B.  G.  2.11.4,  3.23.2,  Sail.  Jug.  76.5 

ventum  esset  B.  Alex.  25.5,  Caes.  B.C.  3.19.5,  3.33.1,  3.75.4,  B.  G.  7.61. 
i,  8.23.5,  B.  H.  27.6,  33.2,  35.1 

ventum  est  B.  Alex.  14.1,  31.2,  Caes.  B.  G.  1.43.4,  4.28.1,  5.26.1, 
6.43.4.  Catullus  39.2,  Plaut.  Cure.  646,  Sail.  Cat.  50.5,  60.2,   Jug. 
53.  2,  91.1,  Ter.  Heaut.  275 

ventumst  Plaut.  M.  G.  1403,  True.  9,  Ter.  Phorm.  135,  283,  1010 
vindicare, 

vindicatum  Sail.  Jug.  31.  26 

vindicatum  est  Sail.  Cat.  9.4 
videre, 

visum  est  B.  Alex.  2.5,  Caes.  B.  C.  2.9.9,  B.  G.  4.8.1, 
5-58.3,  Varro  L.  L.  8.21 

visumst  Plaut.  Merc.  324,  Ter.  Hec.  843 
vivere, 

vivi  Lucr.   5.18 

vivitur  Plaut.  Pers.  ijb,  Trin.  65,  Trin.  65,  Ter.  Heaut.  154. 


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